주권과 무주지 : 홋카이도 정착식민주의(Settler Colonialism)
Sovereignty and Terra Nullius – Hokkaido Settler-Colonialism
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참고문헌
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초록
본 논문은 근대 국제법의 기초가 된 베스트팔렌 체제는 ‘주권국가’ 개념을 통해 세계질서를 구축해왔다. 이 체제는 서유럽을 중심으로 한 기독교권을 주권국가로 이뤄진 문명권으로 정의하는 한편, ‘비유럽’ 세계 특히 선주민 사회를 ‘무주지(아무도 살지 않는 비문명권)’로 위치 짓고 전자가 후자를 점령하고 지배하는 일을 합법화했다. 세계 속의 선주민은 ‘주권’을 가지지 않는 ‘반(半)인간’으로 간주되어 침략과 살육의 대상이 되었다. 19세기 후반 서양 열강에 의해 주권을 부정당한 일본은, 자본주의적 근대화를 통해 독립 국가로서의 지위를 확립하고자 했다. 이는 베스트팔렌 체제가 규정한 ‘주권국가’에 걸맞은 ‘문명국’이 되는 것을 의미했을 뿐만 아니라, ‘주권’과 ‘무주지’의 경계, 즉 ‘자기=문명’과 ‘타자=비문명’의 경계를 확정하고, ‘타자’를 ‘자기’ 안으로 포섭하여 지배해가는 일본의 근대 식민지주의의 탄생을 의미했다. 이 식민지주의가 처음 실행된 것은 아이누 모시리(홋카이도)였다. 본 논문은 근대세계를 형성한 ‘주권’과 ‘무주지’의 변증법에 주목함으로써, 일본이 홋카이도 정착식민주의를 합리화하는 논리를 해명한다.
Abstract
The Westphalian system, which is the foundation of modern international law, constructed a world order based on the concept of “sovereign states”. This system defined the Christian world, centered in Western Europe, as a sphere of civilization composed of sovereign states, while it positioned the “non-European” world, especially Indigenous societies, as “terra nullius” - an uncivilized sphere where no one lives - and legalized the occupation and control of the former by the latter. Indigenous peoples around the world were subjected to pillage and slaughter as “half-humans” who had no “sovereignty”. In the second half of the 19th century, Japan, denied sovereignty by the Western powers, sought to establish itself as an independent nation through capitalist modernization. This meant not only becoming a “civilized nation” commensurate with the “sovereign nation” established by the Westphalian system, but also the birth of modern Japanese colonialism, which defined the boundary between “sovereignty” and “terra nullius”, that is, between “self = civilized” and “others = uncivilized”, and incorporated “others” into “self” in order to dominate them. This colonialism was first implemented in Ainu Mosir(Hokkaido). By focusing on the dialectic of “sovereignty” and “terra nullius” that shaped the modern world, this paper explains the logic of Japan's rationalization of settler colonialism in Hokkaido keywords: Sovereignty, Terra Nullius, Ainu, Settler colonialism, Racism.
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