19세기 후반 불평등한 국제사회와 주권평등원칙 - 식민주의적 ‘문명론’에 대한 저항을 중심으로
The Unequal International Community and the Principle of Sovereign Equality in the Late Nineteenth Century: Focusing on Resistance to Colonialist Civilizational Discourse
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19세기에 국제법이 차별적인 식민주의에 봉사한 부분이 있다. 그렇다면 어떻게주권평등원칙이 확립되어 이를 극복할 수 있었을까? 19세기 초반에서부터20세기 초반까지 국제사회가 급변하고 주권 법리 또한 변화하였다는 점을 간과할 수 없다. 역사적으로 보았을 때, 웨스트팔리아체제에 의해서 주권평등원칙이 시작되었다는 “신화”는 이미 최근 국내외 연구들에 의해 부정되고 있다. 주권평등체제의 시작점을 1815년 빈체제로 보기도 하는데, 20세기 초로 기점을잡기도 한다. 이 글은 바로 이 부분에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 19세기 말과 20세기초에 주권평등원칙에 대한 이견이 있었다. 당시 국가들은 평등하게 대우받지 못했고 식민주의적 시각에서 국제법이 적용되었다. 19세기와 20세기 초 국제법체계는 문명론에 기하여 국제법의 적용범위 차원에서 구조적 불평등을 초래한부분도 있다. 당시 국제사회는 서양 국가들 간의 문화적 공동체라 할 수 있는‘국가들의 가족(Family of Nations)’을 국제사회의 범위로 보았다. 결과적으로문명 간의 접촉은 국제법 체계의 지각변동을 촉발했다. 이와 같은 상황에서 소위 비문명국은 ‘국가들의 가족’에 입회하고자 시도했다. 동시에 이들 중 문명론적 법리를 부정하여 평등한 국제사회를 구현하려는 움직임도 있었다. 결과적으로 20세기 초반이 되어서야 불평등한 요소를 배제하기 시작하고 형식적으로 평등한 주권국가체계가 구성되기 시작했다. 이에 약소국이 국제법 법리 발전에 참여하는 것의 함의를 고찰해볼 수 있다.
Abstract
It is well established that international law served discriminatory and exploitative colonialism in the 19th century, but how did the principle of sovereign equality come to be established and overcome it? It cannot be overlooked that the international community and sovereignty jurisprudence changed from the early 19th century to the early 20th century. Historically, the “myth” that the doctrine of sovereign equality was initiated by the Westphalian system has already been debunked by recent studies. Some scholars date the beginning of the sovereign equality system to the Vienna regime of 1815, while others date it to the early 20th century. This is the focus of this study. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the principle of sovereign equality was disputed. At that time, states were not treated equally and international law was applied from a colonialist perspective. The international legal system of the 19th and early 20th centuries was based on the standard of civilization, which in part led to structural inequalities in the scope of international law. At that time, the international community viewed the “Family of Nations,” a community of Western nations, as the scope of the international law. As a result, contact between civilizations triggered a tectonic shift in the international legal system. Under these circumstances, so-called non-civilized states attempted to join the Family of Nations. At the same time, some of them tried to implement an equal international community by rejecting the civilizationalist jurisprudence. As a result, it was not until the early 20th century that unequal elements began to be eliminated and a system of formally equal sovereign states began to be constructed. Therefore, the implications of the need for weaker states to participate in the development of international legal jurisprudence can be examined.
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