무주지 개념의 형성과정에 대한 비판적 고찰 — 15세기~18세기를 중심으로 —
A Critical Study of the Process of Formation of the Concept of Terra Nullius — Focusing on the 15th~18th centuries —
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본 연구는 무주지 개념의 기원과 발전과정을 검토하여 무주지 법리가 구성되고 형성될 때의 그 맥락에 따른 법리 성격을 파악해보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 일반적으로 받아들여지는 상식과 달리 무주지의 개념이 15세기~18세기에 확립된 원칙이라고 하기 어렵고, 시대에 따라 달리 해석되어 제국주의 정책에 이바지 하는 등 문제가 있었다는 점을 지적한다. 15세기 말부터 시작된 발견의 시대를 살펴보자면, 발견은 무주지를 대상으로 한 것이 아니라 거주민이 존재하는 영토를 정복하는 행위와 유사했다고 할 수 있다. 물론, 당시 발견 독트린에 애매모호한 점이 많았기 때문에 발견행위가 사실상 정복행위라고 단정할 수는 없을 것이다. 그러나 당시 발견의 대상은 비기독교 지역이었고 발견 이후 정복행위가 따른 경우가 상당하다. 한편, 15세기에는 교황의 칙령에 의해 바다와 항해를 소유의 대상으로 인정하였다. 그러나 17세기에 와서 Grotius의 자유해론이 자국의 이익을 위하여 등장하였고, Selden의 폐쇄해론 반론으로 논쟁이 확대되었다. 이때도 문제의 핵심은 바다가 무주물이 될 수 있는가 하는 것이었다. 결국 19세기 초반까지 이 문제는 논란의 대상이었다. 18세기에는 사회계약론의 전제인 자연상태가 무주지 혹은 무주물과 연계되어 이해된 측면이 있는 것 같다. 즉, 바로 이 자연상태가 선점의 전제라 본 듯하다. 이러한 시각에서 보았을 때, 비서구권 국가들은 서양식 사회계약론에 따른 주권국가로 구조를 바꾸지 않으면, 자연상태에 놓인 것으로 보아 결국 무주지로 취급되었을 수 있었다.
Abstract
This study attempted to conceive the nature of jurisprudence of terra nullius according to the context when it was constructed and formed by examining the development process of the concept of terra nullius. Contrary to accepted common sense, it is difficult to say that the concept of terra nullius is not an established principle and it was interpreted differently along with its controversies. If we look at the era of “Discovery” that began at the end of the 15th century, it can be said that the discovery was similar to the act of subjugating the territory as in conquest in which the inhabitants existed, rather than targeting an unoccupied land. Since there were many ambiguities in the discovery doctrine at the time, it would not be possible to conclude that the act of discovery was actually an act of conquest. However, the object of discovery at that time was a non-Christian area which was followed by conquest. Meanwhile, in the 15th century, the sea and voyages were recognized as objects of possession by a Papal Bull. However, in the 17th century, Grotius's theory of Mare Liberium appeared for the sake of its own interests, and the controversy was expanded with the objection to Selden's Mare Clausum. At this time, the core of the issue was whether the sea could be considered res nullius. After all, until the early 19th century, this issue was a subject of controversy. In the 18th century, the state of nature, the premise of the social contract theory, seems to have been understood equivalent to terra nullius or res nullius. It seems that this state of nature is the premise of occupation. From this perspective, the non-Western countries could have been treated as terra nullius or a state of nature if they did not change their structure to sovereign states according to the Western-style social contract theory.
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