신라 中ㆍ下代 鎭·道·府의 설치와 체제 정비

Abstract

King Wonseong(元聖王) who was crowned after the death of King Seondeok(宣德王) reorganized Jeongbeopjeon(政法典, the orthodoxy code of laws) and executed Dokseosampumgwa(讀書三品科, a public officer selection system) for the maintenance of powerful royal authority. Although the king began the latter period through a political coalition, his intention toward a new political center amid the political situation in which King Seondeok existed no more, was made evident, and he expelled Queen Gujok(具足王后), who could have been a political obstacle, out of the palace. He intended also to secure control over local areas based on the political stability of the central government. Since it was difficult to bring a change for a new era as long as the framework of existing local systems, which were reorganized during the unification period, remained intact, he newly reorganized the local system closely related to the taxation and collection structure, in terms of the promotion of efficiency, and introduced Bu(府) as its alternative. The latter Shilla period was an age of a new change in terms of social and economic aspects. Traffic routes were increased due to the rise in international trading during the 8～9th centuries, and trading routes that were around the existing 5 sogyeong(5小京, local capitals) became diverse. The expansion of sea trade brought about changes in the status and functions of the 5 sogyeong that played the role of the center of the local governance and the local culture as key strategic points of ground transportation. As much as Shilla’s society was poised in the economic reformation as to the word, trading, had been widely used in the epitaph of a royal tomb of King Heungdeok(興德王), 5 sogyeong came to appear as new strategic points for local governance by reflecting changes of the times to existing functions. The establishment of Bu was one of the cases, and its organization was restructured as a hierarchal organization similar to Ju(州) or sogyeong(小京), in general. It continued while inheriting the original functions of an existing Ju or sogyeong; and when it was newly established, it constituted a governmental Bu system similar to the organization of existing Bu. Also, the restructuring of military-Jin(軍鎭) was accomplished along with the setup of Bu. The example of Kim-Ahm(金嵓) shows that Paegang-Jin(浿江鎭) had already been established at the end of the mid-Shilla period, which means the restructuring of the system continued even after the reorganization of Gun(郡) and Hyeon(縣) during the 16th year of King Gyeongdeok(景德王, 757), and a new type of local governance had begun as an exemplary model. In particular, the fact that Wang-Geon(王建), who founded the Goryeo(高麗) dynasty, gained growing power, suggests that Paegang-Jin had been ruled in a different way from other areas. Although Paegang-Jin was expressed as a Jin(鎭) in its appearance, it was equivalent to a Ju. This is probably because Paegang-Jin was functioning by exceeding the level of a mere military facility. This fact is clearer through a review of the government officials’ organization of Paegang-Jin. Paegang-Jin, centering around Daegokseong(大谷城), was responsible for the supervision of the region as well as its function of the military facility. Therefore, Paegang-Jin may be a fragment of a new local governance system that demonstrates a different pattern from either the existing administrative or military system of Shilla. Further, these military Jin were supposed to begin replacing 10 military units(10丁), which were restructured during the King Shinmun(神文王) period, based on a military organization that these military-Jin had owned independently. Also, Shilla introduced a province that was executed in Tang, and applied it to actual administration as a unit of local governance. The cases of ten Do(10道), five Do(5道), and twelve Do(12道) shown in historical documents do not simply indicate directions, but as a specific local administrative zone. Based on the situation where Tang(唐) or Japan at that time enforced the provincial system, and Shilla took an intermediary stance between their exchanges, its possibility may be pretty high. However, it was found that it did not exist as an official administrative unit owing to various traits of the Shilla society, but was developed on an ideological dimension.