동남아시아 종교건축의 지역화 양상 연구
A Study on the Regional Setting of Religious Architecture in Southeast Asia
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이 논문에서는 역사적으로 근대 이전 시기까지 동남아 지역에서 전개되어 온 종교건축의 흐름과 지역화의 양상을 살폈다. 이 지역에는 불교, 이슬람교, 힌두교 등을 비롯한 다양한 종교들이 병존하고 있으며, 이와 관련된 여러 유형의 정신적 근본들과 문화적 유산이 각각의 시기와 지역을 달리하며 적층되어 왔다. 그러한 흐름 속에서, 각각의 종교건축 역시 지역적 현실과 조건에 반응하면서 지역적으로 독특한 문화경관을드러냈다. 종교건축은 종교적 이상(理想)과 상징성을 강조하는 독자적인 이미지를통해 종교적 계몽성과 정신적 합일(合一)을 이끌어낸다. 이러한 건축형식에는 종교적 세계관과 교리에 합당한 조형성과 장식적 처리 및 공간구성이 반영되며, 여기에 지역 고유의 물리적 조건(자연환경, 건축재료)과 인문적 가치(생활관습, 관념) 등이 함께 결부되어 있다. 동남아 지역에 전래된 여러 유형의 종교와 종교건축 역시 이와 같은 과정을 통해 역사화(또는 지역화) 되었으며, 각각은 초창기의 원형과는 다른모습으로 현존하면서 색다른 차원의 문화적 가치를 보여주고 있을 뿐 아니라 그 지역의 현대건축을 이끌어 가는 기본적 개념으로 활용되고 있다. 그런 점에서, 이 지역에 고착되어 있는 다양한 종교적 근본들에 대한 이해와 함께, 지역사(地域史)의 흐름에서 이루어진 지역화의 양상과 그 성격을 파악하는 일은 동남아 조형문화의 역사성과 지역성을 설명하는 기본연구에 해당하며, 또한 현대문화를 논하기 위한 기초 작업이다.
Abstract
Southeast Asian has its own indigenous traits which have accumulated so many cultural strata throughout the long passage of time, especially based on religions and geographical conditions. Southeast religions consist mainly Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, etc. Religion in Southeast Asia was a core factor determining social structure and cultural forms in traditional society. So,without a careful analysis of the impact of religion on Southeast Asian, it is impossible to understand Southeast Asian Architecture. In history of Southeast Asian religious architecture, we can see that its style and expressional characteristic is very different from the original one. Religious architecture in this area expresses the regional transformation of each religion in some ways. This paper has attempted to explain some main characteristics of the phase of regionalization of religious architecture in Southeast Asia. In conclusion, we have seen that the stylistic characteristic which each religious architecture evolves is dependant on some local conditions such as the climate,architectural material, constructional technique, and sometime migrants from other countries. This paper is no attempt to document the historical process of religious architecture in Southeast Asia. What is of interest to us here is the insight that can be gained into how the various transformation have been effected and under what demands. This paper also avoid critical evaluation of specific trends in regionalization, as this is not central to the understanding of the phenomenon. By witnessing the regional changes of Southeast Asian religious architecture, we may understand today a architecturally meaningful identities in this area.
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