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중국-필리핀의 남중국해 분쟁과 해안 경비대의 역할 강화

Enhanced Coast Guard Role in the China-Philippines South China Sea Dispute

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한국아시아학회 (The Korean Association Of Asian Studies(Kaas))|2023.08|아시아연구 (The Journal of Asian Studies)|제26권 제3호|pp. 99-116|DOI 10.21740/jas.2023.08.26.3.99

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남중국해 분쟁Coast Guard해안 경비대해양 법 집행해양 외교중국-필리핀Maritime Law EnforcementMaritime DiplomacySouthChina Sea DisputeChina-Philippines
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초록

본 연구는 해양 외교에서 사용되는 수단이 전통적 해군력에서 비군사적 도구인 해양 법 집행기관으로 변화하고 있음에 주목한다. 우선, 해양 외교에 대한 이론적 논의를 통해 해안 경비대가 분쟁 대응과 주권 주장에 있어 점차 유용해지는 이유를 검토한다. 이는 해군에 비해 제한적인 강압성을 갖는다는 본질적 속성에 기인하며, 실효 점유의 주장과 관할 해역에 대한 통제를 수행하면서도 대치 상황에 있어서는 분쟁 수준을 확대시키지 않는 전략적 유연성을 갖기 때문이다. 해안 경비대의 이러한 이점을 가장 잘 인식하는 국가는 중국으로, 최근 해안 경비대에 대한 전반적 조직정비를 단행하여 이들을 회색지대 전략에 이용하고 있음을 설명한다. 또한 이에 대한 대응으로 필리핀 역시 해안 경비대 인력과 역량을 확대하고, 특히 마르코스 현 대통령에 이르러 미국·일본 해안 경비대와의 협력을 보다 긴밀히 확대시킴으로써 남중국해 분쟁에 대응하고 있음을 논의한다. 마지막으로 이와 같이 해양분쟁의 전략적 수단으로 해안 경비대가 최전선에 배치되는 것은 충돌과 갈등을 군사화하지 않으려는 각국의 의지가 투영된 것이나 잠재적으로 국제정치에서 또 하나의 경쟁의 축이 될 수 있기에 해안 경비대에 대한 국제적 원칙과 규범이 마련되어야 하며, 동·서해에서 분쟁 이슈를 갖는 한국 역시 장기적 안목에서 해양경찰을 발전시켜야 함을 주장한다.

Abstract

This study focuses on how the means and assets employed in maritime diplomacy are evolving from traditional naval power to maritime law enforcement agencies. To begin, through the literature review on maritime diplomacy, I discuss why coast guards are increasingly valuable in addressing maritime disputes and asserting sovereignty. This shift is attributed to their relatively limited coercion in comparison to navies. Simultaneously, they possess the strategic flexibility to establish effective jurisdictional control without escalating conflicts. China stands out as a nation recognizing these advantages, as evidenced by its recent comprehensive restructuring of its coast guard. Consequently, the Coast Guard is now being effectively employed in gray zone strategies. Additionally, the Philippines is bolstering its coastal guard personnel and capabilities in response to these developments. Notably, the current Philippine President, Marcos, is enhancing cooperation with U.S. and Japanese coast guards in the South China Sea region. In conclusion, the deployment of coast guards as a strategic approach to maritime disputes reflects countries' willingness to avoid militarizing conflicts. However, they could potentially become another focal point of international competition. Therefore, it is imperative to establish international principles and norms governing coast guards. Considering its disputes in the East and West Seas, Korea should also develop its maritime law enforcement capabilities from a long-term perspective.

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