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연명의료결정법과 환자자율성 증진에 관한 문제제기: 미국 환자자기결정권 제정 이후 논쟁분석

Suggestion on How to Balance between Physicians' Authority and Patients' Autonomy; Review of Debate on Patient Self-Determination Act(1990)

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주제분류의학일반

초록

지난해 연명의료결정법이 시행된 전후로 한국의 의료현장에서는 법에 대한 많은 비판이 제기되었다. 연구자들은 1990년 환자자기결정법(Patient Self-Determination Act)을 도입한 미국에서 어떠한 논쟁과 비판이 있었는지 알아보고자 하였다. 문헌을 검색하여 검토한 결과 당시의 연구에서도 최근 한국의료계에서 제기하였던 다양한 논쟁과 비판을 엿볼 수 있었다. 하지만 법 제정 이후 미국에서는 환자자율성과 의사 권위의 약화에 관한 논쟁보다는 자율성 증진을 실현하기 위한 제언들이 눈에 띄었다. 반면 한국에서는 환자의 의사를 존중하여 사전연명의료의향서 등을 작성하는 ‘환자 자기결정 존중’을 두고 비판이 많았다. 이는 환자의 최선의 이해에 근거한 자율성 존중이라는 생명윤리원칙이 여전히 임상현장에 자리잡지 못했음을 반증한다. 연명의료결정법의 가장 큰 의의는 법적 근거를 얻었다는 점에 그치지 않고, 이를 계기로 환자에게는 최선의 이해를 제공하고 의학적, 윤리적으로 옳은 바람직한 행위(good practice)를 확산할 수 있게 되었다는 점이다. 법적 서식만 작성하면 임종기 환자의 연명의료 중단이 면책된다는 잘못된 교훈을 일반인과 의료인 모두 배우게 해서는 안 된다. 의료기관과 의사는 조기에사전돌봄계획을 환자와 함께 협의하여 환자의 자율성 증진이 의료현장에 실현되도록 노력해야 한다.

Abstract

In February 2018 the “Act on Decisions on Life-sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care or at the End of Life” (hereafter the “Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act”) went into effect in South Korea.” In order learn the lesson for Korean physicians’ practice in end-of-life care, we reviewed the debates surrounding the passage of similar legislation in the US. In particular, we examined the debates concerning the “Patient Self-Determination Act,” which was implemented in the US in 1991. We systemically searched for related medical articles on PubMed online and reviewed 17 articles that were retrieved through this search. One of the main findings of this review is that most of the articles expressed support for the Patient Self-determination Act on the grounds that it would enhance patient autonomy. In contrast with this, the Korean medical society criticized the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act on the grounds that it would undermine physician authority and limit respect for patient autonomy. This reflects the fact that Korean physicians are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with the idea of respecting patient autonomy as a way of furthering the patient’s best interests. In this article I argue that the reasons for welcoming the provisions of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act are not only legal, but also medical and ethical: the law can improve the end-of-life care that is given in healthcare settings. However, in order to achieve this goal, patients must be fully informed about their rights and physicians should initiate discussions about advance care planning, as part of general health care, before serious illness arises.

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