소수민족의 저항 정체성과정부 통합정책의 상호 작용: 태국 치앙라이도 후어이힌랏나이 카렌족 마을의 사례
The Interaction of Ethnic Resistance Identity and Government Integration Policy: Case of the Hinlatnai Karen Village in Chiang Rai, Thailand
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In this article, I have examined how the Karen hill tribe of Thailand resisted to the government's "Policy of Integration" in the Karen viewpoint and the Thai government interactions. In particular, I looked at the Karen in relation to “Zomia” to understand how they resisted to the Thai government. Zomia is a high mountain area where ethnic minority people live and it contains the meaning of resistance and escape. However, Hinlatnai Karen villagers who living in Zomia not only resisted or escaped as James Scott insisted, but they fought by the direct demonstration and claimed their demands. I explain the hill tribes living in Zomia as ‘resistance identity’ because they could resist through direst demonstrations and preserve their cultural and historical heritage to the government. The Thai government implemented the nation-building through the nationalization of the space during the process of making 'the people'. The prohibition of the traditional farming method, shifting cultivation, and the forest policy were not for the hill tribes but for the expansion of the territory and the securing of manpower. In addition, the Thai government's imposition of Thai language and Buddhist beliefs was also part of the nation-building. Hinlatnai Karen villagers formed Northern Farmers Network in collaboration with other 117 hill tribes, social and non-governmental organizations. And in 1995 they raised massive protests which more than 10,000 protesters participated. The villagers also have scientifically proved that the shifting cultivation is suitable for Karen's cultural ecosystem and is a nature-friendly lifestyle. They tried to maintain their traditional culture by focusing on cultural experts called Hiko. Village groups and village fund also became the basis of the traditional culture and consciousness inheritance of them. Finally Thai government established ‘Karen Livelihoods Restoration Policy’ in 2010 and Hinlatnai village were designated as ‘Cultural Special Zone’ to admit and protect their culture. These changes of the village are the result of the Karen resistance and the interaction with the Thai government.
Abstract
In this article, I have examined how the Karen hill tribe of Thailand resisted to the government's "Policy of Integration" in the Karen viewpoint and the Thai government interactions. In particular, I looked at the Karen in relation to “Zomia” to understand how they resisted to the Thai government. Zomia is a high mountain area where ethnic minority people live and it contains the meaning of resistance and escape. However, Hinlatnai Karen villagers who living in Zomia not only resisted or escaped as James Scott insisted, but they fought by the direct demonstration and claimed their demands. I explain the hill tribes living in Zomia as ‘resistance identity’ because they could resist through direst demonstrations and preserve their cultural and historical heritage to the government. The Thai government implemented the nation-building through the nationalization of the space during the process of making 'the people'. The prohibition of the traditional farming method, shifting cultivation, and the forest policy were not for the hill tribes but for the expansion of the territory and the securing of manpower. In addition, the Thai government's imposition of Thai language and Buddhist beliefs was also part of the nation-building. Hinlatnai Karen villagers formed Northern Farmers Network in collaboration with other 117 hill tribes, social and non-governmental organizations. And in 1995 they raised massive protests which more than 10,000 protesters participated. The villagers also have scientifically proved that the shifting cultivation is suitable for Karen's cultural ecosystem and is a nature-friendly lifestyle. They tried to maintain their traditional culture by focusing on cultural experts called Hiko. Village groups and village fund also became the basis of the traditional culture and consciousness inheritance of them. Finally Thai government established ‘Karen Livelihoods Restoration Policy’ in 2010 and Hinlatnai village were designated as ‘Cultural Special Zone’ to admit and protect their culture. These changes of the village are the result of the Karen resistance and the interaction with the Thai government.
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