권력에 관한 이론적 담론
A Theoretical Discourses of Power
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이 연구는 권력에 대한 이론적 담론을 전개하는 것이다. 푸코에 의하면, 세상에 존재하는 모든 대상은 담론적 형성과정을 거쳐 의미가 부여되어 하나의 개체로 성립된다고 한다. 특정 대상에 대한 담론적 형성은 수없는 대화, 토론, 논쟁, 발표와 같은 과정을 거쳐 정제된 대상에 주어진 의미이며, 이것은 한 시대를 풍미하는 ‘진리’로 받아 들여져 지식체계를 구성하고 나아가 제도화되어 권력으로 존재하게 된다. 푸코의 담론적 형성과 실행적 논리를 받아들여, 이글에서는 권력이라는 복잡하고 다양한 의미를 가진 개념이 학자들에게 어떻게 비춰져 모양새를 갖추게 되었는지를 논했다. 이 연구에서 다루고 있는 학자들은 마키아벨리, 홉스, 로크, 루소 등과 같은 고전적 사상가들로부터 시작해, 20세기 초･중반 권력을 실증주의적 관점에서 연구한 엘리트 이론가, 다원론자, 변증법적 유물론자들은 물론 권력을 사회학, 정치이론, 후기 구조주의, 포스트모던 등의 관점에서 연구한 많은 학자들의 연구를 비교･대조해 역사적으로 또는 관점에 따라 권력에 주어진 의미가 어떻게 진화 했는지를 연구했다. 권력의 유형학에서는 권력의 속성을 개념화한 연구들을 소개해 권력의 본질을 다뤘으며, 결론적으로 권력연구의 특성에 따른 좌표를 총체적으로 그려내는 학문적 시도를 했다. 아울러 이 글은 과거 행정학이 주어진 정책목표를 단순히 전환시키는 관리방법에 초점이 모아졌다면, 오늘날 행정학 분야에서 요구되는 전략적 관료들에게 권력의 본질을 이해 가능케 함으로써 그들의 업무환경에 대한 이해는 물론 이 글을 통해서 업무환경 내에서 작용하는 권력관계를 분석할 수 있는 능력을 겸비할 수 있는 기회가 되기를 바란다.
Abstract
This study is about discourses of power. Power is one of the key concepts about political phenomena that could not be easily grasped or interpreted. In spite of its long history, there is a notable lack of agreement both about its specific definition, and about many features of the conceptual context in which it should be placed. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to outline a large number of aspects of the creation of power which have been theorized in different perspectives. The studies depicted and introduced in this article which deal with the creation of power can be divided into three broad categories. First of all, There are theorists viewed power coercively. They treat individuals get each other to do things which they would not otherwise do through the treat or use of physical sanction or inducements. Secondly, there are many who argue that power is an outcome of the creation of social order, argue that power is an outcome of the creation of social order which is responsible for relations of power and powerlessness. They facilitate by conferring upon the actors a capacity for social action which enables them to make things happen which would not otherwise occur. The last category dealt with the analysis of Foucault, as a post-structuralist, who choose an important aspect of social order, the role of knowledge in the reproduction of relations of domination to analyse power. In this discourses of power, I try to provide the theories of the creation of power which explain the relationship between ways of creating power. Of course, I am not in a position that every aspect of various perspectives could be presented, although a significant number could be addressed. After discussing three broad categories of power, a typology of power has been set out in order to show the reader modes of creating power. Finally, as a way of concluding this work, I summarize the theoretical thoughts of power in a way of comparing and contrasting the main features of pluralism, elitism, class dialectical models, and the post-structuralist’s view of creating power. Consequently, as a scholar of the field of public administration, I hope this study would be capable not only of making bureaucrats understand what their working environments are in terms of the power relations, but also of being strategic managers making happen as intended by way of facilitating the power relations in their environments.
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