게르만제어에 나타나는 미래시제 조동사의 유형과 그 발달 과정 연구
A Study on the Types and Development of Future Auxiliaries in the Germanic Languages
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper investigates the types and development processes of various auxiliaries which are observed in the periphrastic future tense in the Germanic languages. Modern individual Germanic languages show the different future auxiliaries which went through different development processes, although they derived from the same ancestor language,Proto-Germanic language. This paper surveys which auxiliaries are attested from Old Germanic languages to modern individual languages through time and what kinds of changing processes happened in the history of Germanic languages. And the typological characteristic of the future auxiliaries are also analyzed. The future auxiliaries which are observed in modern Germanic languages are listed as follows:a. shall-verb(obligation) : ska(Swedish), zullen(Dutch), skulle(Danish),skulu(Islandic)b. will-verb(desire) : ville(Danish), will(English), munu(Islandic)c. go-verb : be going to(English), gaan(Dutch)d. come-verb : komma att(Swedish)e. become-verb : werden(German)Heine(1995) and Hilpert(2008) suggested that ability, obligation, desire, come and go are the common cross-linguistic sources of future time reference marker. But in Germanic languages, the future auxiliary derived from ‘ability’ is not observed. The future auxiliary which is observed in all 3 Germanic sub-groups is the shall-verb and it has the longest history. The movement verbs like come- and go-verb relatively recently came out in the whole history. Of the two, the come-verb is only observed in continental Scandinavian languages like Norwegian and Swedish, while the go-verb is observed in West-Germanic languages like English and Dutch, except German.
Abstract
This paper investigates the types and development processes of various auxiliaries which are observed in the periphrastic future tense in the Germanic languages. Modern individual Germanic languages show the different future auxiliaries which went through different development processes, although they derived from the same ancestor language,Proto-Germanic language. This paper surveys which auxiliaries are attested from Old Germanic languages to modern individual languages through time and what kinds of changing processes happened in the history of Germanic languages. And the typological characteristic of the future auxiliaries are also analyzed. The future auxiliaries which are observed in modern Germanic languages are listed as follows:a. shall-verb(obligation) : ska(Swedish), zullen(Dutch), skulle(Danish),skulu(Islandic)b. will-verb(desire) : ville(Danish), will(English), munu(Islandic)c. go-verb : be going to(English), gaan(Dutch)d. come-verb : komma att(Swedish)e. become-verb : werden(German)Heine(1995) and Hilpert(2008) suggested that ability, obligation, desire, come and go are the common cross-linguistic sources of future time reference marker. But in Germanic languages, the future auxiliary derived from ‘ability’ is not observed. The future auxiliary which is observed in all 3 Germanic sub-groups is the shall-verb and it has the longest history. The movement verbs like come- and go-verb relatively recently came out in the whole history. Of the two, the come-verb is only observed in continental Scandinavian languages like Norwegian and Swedish, while the go-verb is observed in West-Germanic languages like English and Dutch, except German.
참고문헌 (49)
- 김은일, "문법화" (1999), 한신문화사
- 문미선, "독일어 미래시제 (werden+Infinitiv)에서의 werden", 독일어문학, 13(4), pp.217~237 (2005), 한국독일어문학회
- 문미선, "언어변화와 복잡적응계적 설명의 적합성", 독일문학, 50(3), pp.347~366 (2009), 한국독어독문학회
- 문미선, "독일어 werden＋Infinitiv 구문의 다의성과 행동규칙", 독일문학, 51(1), pp.145~166 (2010), 한국독어독문학회
- 송경안, "시제와 상의 유형론", 독어학, (13), pp.163~188 (2006), 한국독어학회
- Abraham, W, "Futur-Typologie in den germanischen Sprachen", Tempus-Aspekt-Modus. Tübingen, 345~389 (1989)
- Abraham, W, "Discourse grammar andTypology", Amsterdam, 1995
- Andersson, L, "Swedish", pp.1~29 (2003), Variationstypologie.
- Bybee, J, "The creation of tense and aspect systems in thelanguages of the world", Studies in Language, 13, pp.51~103 (1989)
- Bybee, J, "Back to the future", Approaches to Grammaticalization, 2, pp.17~58 (1991)
- Bybee, J, "The evolution of grammar", Tense,Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago, ~ (1994)
- Comrie, B, "On identifying future tenses", Tempus-Aspekt-Modus. Tübingen, 51~64 (1989)
- Dahl, Ö, "Tense and Aspect Systems", Oxford, ~ (1985)
- Dahl Ö, "Das Tempussystem des Deutshcen in typologischen Vergleich", pp.359~368 (1996), Deutsch-typologisch
- Dahl, Ö, "The grammar of future time reference in European languages", pp.309~322 (2000), Tense and Aspect in the Language ofEurope
- Dahl, Ö, "Verbs of becoming as future copulas", pp.351~361 (2000), Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe
- Dal, I, "Kurze Deutsche Syntax auf historischer Grundlage", Tübingen, ~ (1966)
- Denison, D, "Syntax", The Cambridge History ofthe English Language, Vol. Ⅳ. Cambridge, 92-329., 4, pp.92~329 (1998)
- Fischer, O, "Syntax", The Cambridge History of theEnglish Language, 2, pp.207~408 (2006)
- Fleischman, S, "The future in thought and language", Diachronic evidencefrom Romance. Cambridge, ~ (1982)
- Fox, A, "The Structure of German", Oxford, ~ (1990)
- Gordon, E. V, "An introduction to Old Norse", Oxford, ~ (1956)
- Hacke, M, "Funktion und Bedeutung von werden + Infinitiv im Vergleichzum futurischen Präsens", Heidelberg, ~ (2009)
- Harbert, W, "The Germanic Languages", Cambridge, ~ (2007)
- Heine, B, "On the German werden future", Discourse Grammar and Typology. Amsterdam, 119~138 (1995)
- Heine, B, "Auxiliaries", Oxford, ~ (1993)
- Heine, B, "Language Contact and Grammatical Change", Cambridge, ~ (2005)
- Hewson, J, "Tense and Aspect in Indo-European languages", Theory, Typology, Diachrony. Amsterdam, 1997
- Hilpert, M, "A synchronic perspective on the grammaticalization ofSwedish Future constructions", Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 29(2), pp.151~172 (2006)
- Hiplert, M, "Germanic Future Constructions", Amsterdam, 2008
- Hirt, H, "Handbuch des Urgermanischen", Heidelberg, ~ (1934)
- Hopper, P. J, "Grammaticalization", Cambridge, ~ (1993)
- Kytö, M, "Shall or will? choice of the variant form in early modernEnglish, British and American", Historical Linguistics 1987 papers from the 8th international conference onHistorical Linguistics (8. ICHL). Amsterdam, 275~288 (1990)
- Lockwood, W. B, "Historical German Syntax", Oxford, ~ (1968)
- Meineke, E, "Einführung in das Althochdeutsche", Paderborn, Wien, pp.Zürich, 2001[DOI]
- Noreen, A, "Altnordische Grammatik Ⅰ", Tübingen, ~ (1970)
- Ramat, P, "Einführung in das Germanische", Tübingen, ~ (1981)
- Rissanen, M, "Syntax in The Cambridge History ofthe English language", Cambridge, 187~331 (2009)
- Roelcke, Th, "Variationstypologie", Berlin, 2003
- Schütz, I. J, "Isländisch in Variationstypologie", Berlin, 2003, pp.149~182
- Siemund, P, "English in Variationstypologie", Berlin, 2003, pp.1~29
- Streitberg, W, "Gotisches Elementarbuch", Heidelberg, ~ (1920)
- Sturtevant, A, "The Future Auxiliaries Gothic ‘haben’ and Old Norse‘munu’", Modern Language Notes, 53(6), pp.423~425 (1938)
- Thieroff, R, "Tense Systems in European Languages Ⅱ", LinguistischeArbeiten 338. Tübingen, ~ (1995)
- Roelcke, Th, "Variationstypologie. Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch dereuropäischen Sprachen", Berlin, 2003
- Traugott, E. C, "A History of English Syntax. A TransformationalApproach to the History of English Sentence Structure", New York, ~ (1972)
- Traugott,E.C, "On the expression of spatio-temporal relations in language", Universals of Human Language, 3, pp.369~400 (1978)
- Traugott, E. C, "Approches to Grammaticalization", Focuson types of grammatical markers, 3 (1991)
- Ultan, R, "The Nature of Future Tenses", Universals of Human Language, 3, pp.83~123 (1978)