朝鮮王朝의 債權法制度에 관한 硏究
A Study on the System of the Law of Obligations in Chosun Dynasty
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초록
이 글은 조선왕조의 거래관계를 규율해 온 채권법 제도의 내용을 일별하고, 간단하게나마 현대적 관점에서 그 법제사적 의의를 평가하는 데 목적이 있다. 조선조의 법령집이나 왕조실록에서 나타나는 채권관계의 전반적인 규율내용을 살펴보면, 원칙적으로 채권의 완전한 실현을 위하여 강력한 권리구제장치를 두면서도, 다른 한편으로는 통치이념의 근간이 된 인본애민사상에 기초하여 약자보호를 위한 정책적 배려를 아끼지 않고 있다는 점이 특징적이라고 할 수 있다.특히 계약체결의 신중성을 확보하기 위한 매매한(買賣限) 제도, 계약내용의 공정성과 진실성을 보장하기 위한 文記 및 立案制度, 약자보호를 위한 대물변제약정의 금지, 재판의 공정성신속성경제성을 확보하기 위한 소송제도의 내용들은 상당부분 현대법과의 이념적내용적 유기성을 가지므로, 이를 중심적인 검토대상으로 삼았다.
Abstract
This paper deals with the system of the law of obligations in Chosun Dynasty, especially focusing on the sale, loan for consumption and civil procedure owing to breach of contracts. On the basis of codes and customs of Chosun Dynasty, the followings was found out as a result of analysing of system of the law of obligations. First, the conclusion of contract of sale and loan requested a strict documenting and confirmation of the competent government office to secure the fairness and the truth of the contract. Secondly, it had ‘Maemaehan’ like cooling-off system of today to secure the prudence of conclusion of contract. Thirdly, the institutional devices to protect the weak such as the delay or postponement of fulfillment or discharge of obligation in the contract of loan for consumption, was legislated. Fourthly, the breach of contract received a heavy punishment or resulted in the joint liability of family. But the private compulsory execution or the payment in substitutes with the human body or property was thoroughly prohibited. Fifthly, the trial system in civil procedure and the limitation of jurisdiction, avoidance, judgement by proof and the term of lawsuit were institutional devices to secure fair, speedy, inexpensive judgement, a doctrine of the law of civil procedure and had the likeness to some systems of the western civil procedure law formed in the 19th century. It would be a future subject that the system of the law of obligation would have what meaning in the modern society.