미국가기와 결혼하기: 하와이 한인 이주여성의 종족간 결혼
Migration and Intermarriages: Lives of Female Korean Americans in Hawaii
2
조회
0
다운로드
12
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
다문화사회에서 종족간(inter-ethnic) 결혼은 국민 국가의 통합을 달성하는 가장 확실한 방식일 것이다. 개인의 입장에서 볼 때 국제이주는 새로운 삶의 기회를 모색하기 위해 생활의 공간을 바꾸는 것이다. 특히 결혼을 통해 이주하거나 결혼적령기에 이주하여 종족간 결혼을 하는 것은 이주자가 가족관계 구성을 통해 방문국에 뿌리내리고 적응하려는 의지가 반영된 젠더 전략으로 볼 수 있다. 이 논문은 1965년 신이민법 이후 하와이로 이주하여 아시아계 로컬과 결혼한 한인여성에 대한 사례연구이다. 하와이는 과거 플랜테이션 노동이주의 역사로 인해, 미국 내에서 아시아인의 비율과 혼혈인구의 비율이 가장 높은 곳이며 인종이나 종족구분보다는 ‘로컬’과 ‘신참자’의 구분이 더 중요한 사회이다. 사례연구의 여성들은 이주 당시 한국사회의 가부장적 질서가 자신들의 삶을 제약할 것을 간파하고 잘사는 기회의 나라 미국에서 새로운 삶을 설계하고자 하였다. 또한 미국 영토 중에서도 하와이로 이주하고 아시아계 로컬과 결혼함으로써 자신에게 불리한 미국 내의 인종/종족 위계를 비껴가고자 하였다. 이들은 한국뿐 아니라 미국 본토와도 차별화되는 하와이에서 이주자 여성으로서 주체성을 추구할 수 있는 상황을 만들고자 하였고 혼혈 인구층을 생성하고 소수 한인사회와 주류 로컬 사회를 매개하는 역할을 하였다.
Abstract
Intermarriages in the multiethnic country would be the surest way to achieve the integration of the nation. From the immigrant’s point of view, foreign migration is one of ways to search for new opportunities of life and intermarriage could be considered as the gendered adjustment strategy in foreign surroundings. This paper delivers the analysis on the case study of female Korean immigrants who married with local Asians in Hawaii after the new immigration law was issued in 1965. Hawaii is the state which shows the highest rate of Asian American and mixed population in the US due to the plantation economy in the past and also the society in which the distinction between ‘locals’ and ‘newcomers’ is much more meaningful than the distinction among races or ethnicities. This case study provides some clues for understanding the gendered adjustment strategy of female Korean immigrants, the mechanism of constructing ‘local’ community in Hawaii and the dynamics of making the variety of ethnic Koreans in the US. Female Koreans in this case study penetrated somehow the limitation of their future in the patriarchal Korean society and then intended to design new lives in the US, so called the land of opportunities. Immigrating to and being intermarried in Hawaii allowed them to integrate to the US by making a detour around the racial or ethnic hierarchies which was unfavorable to them; to pursue the gender subjectivity which is not allowed in Korea. These female Koreans may be considered as generators of mixed local community and as mediators between recognizable Koreans and mainstream locals.
참고문헌 (37)
- 유철인, "미국 하와이지역 한인동포의 생활문화" (2003), 국립민속박물관
- 민병갑, "미국속의 한국인: 교포들의 이민생활 및 사회적응 분석" (1991), 유림문화사
- 여지연, "기지촌의 그늘을 넘어" (2007), 삼인
- 유철인, "어쩔 수 없이 미군과 결혼하게 되었다: 생애사 이야기의 주제와 서사전략", 한국문화인류학, 29(2), pp.397~419 (1996)
- 이덕희, "하와이 이민 100년: 그들은 어떻게 살았나?" (2003), 중앙 M&B
- "ACS 2007-2009 Estimates"[URL]
- Constable N., "Maid to Order in Hong Kong: an Ethnography of Filipina Workers" (1997), Cornell University Press
- Constable, N., "Romance on a Global Stage: Pen Pals, Virtual Ethnography, and “Mail Order” Marriages" (2003), University of California Press
- Ehrenreich, B., "Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy" (2002), Metropolitan Books
- Danico, M. Y., "1.5 Generation: Becoming Korean American in Hawaii" (2004), University of Hawaii Press
- Espiritu, Y. L., "Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Ethnicities and Identities" (1992), Temple University Press
- Jacobs, J., "Gender Differences in Intermarriage Among Sixteen Race and Ethnic Groups", Sociological Forum, 17, pp.621~646 (2002)
- Kibria, N., "The Construction of ‘Asian American’: Reflections on Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity among Second-Generation Chinese and Korean Americans", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20(3), pp.523~544 (1997)
- Kibria, N., "Becoming Asian American: Second-Generation Chinese and Korean American Identities" (2003), Johns Hopkins University Press
- Kim, Illsoo, "New Urban immigrants: The Korean Community in New York" (1981), Princeton University Press
- Lee, J., "America’s Changing Color Lines", Annual Review of Sociology, 30, pp.221~242 (2004)
- Min, P. G., "The Structure and Social Functions of Korean Immigrant Churches in the United States", International Migration Review, 26(4), pp.1370~1394 (1992)
- Min, P. G., "Changes and Conflicts: Korean Immigrant Family in New York" (1998), Allyn and Bacon
- Okamura, J. Y., "Ethnicity and Inequality in Hawaii" (2008), Temple University
- Ong, A., "Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality" (1999), Duke University Press
- Oishi, N., "Women in Motion" (2005), Stanford University Press
- Paliwala, R., "Marriage, Migration and Gender. Women and Migration in Asia, vol. 5" (2009), Sage
- Park, Young Jin, "Korean Patterns of Women’s Labor Force Participation during the Period, 1960-1980", Korea Journal of Population and Development, 19(1), pp.71~90 (1980)
- Parreñas, R. S., "Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration, and Domestic Work" (2001), Stanford University Press
- Patterson, W., "하와이 한인 이민 1세: 그들 삶의 애환과 승리(1903-1973)" (1973), 들녘
- Pedraza, S., "Women and Migration: The Social Consequences of Gender", Annual Review of Sociology, 17, pp.303~325 (1991)
- Piper, N., "Wife or Worker?: Asian Women and Migration" (2003), Rowman & Littlefield Pub
- Pukui, M . K ., "Hawaiian Dictionary, Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library" (2003), University of Hawaii Press
- Qian, Z., "Social Boundaries and Marital Assimilation: Interpreting Trends in Racial and Ethnic Intermarriage", American Sociological Review, 72, pp.68~94 (2007)
- Rafael, V., "White Love and Other Events in Filippine History" (2000), Duke University Press
- State of Hawaii, "State of Hawaii Data Book" (1996)
- Stannard, D., "Honor Killing" (2005), Penguin
- Transnational: Subject Formation and Media in and on the Philippines, "Filipinas in Transnational Space” in R.B. Telentino, National", pp.2001, Tolentino, R. B.
- Wong, Steven Y. C., "Exogamous and Homogramous Patterns of Marriage and Divorce among Nine Racial", Ethnic Groups in Hawaii, University of Hawaii Manoa, 2001
- Zhou, M., "The Multifaceted American experiences of the Children of Asian Immigrants: Lessons of Segmented Assimilation", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(6), pp.1119~1152 (2005)
- Zhou, M., "Community Forces, Social Capital and Educational Achievement: The Case of Supplementary Education in the Chinese and Korean Immigrant Communities", Havard Educational Review, 76(1), pp.1~29 (2006)