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공영방송의 미래적 모색: 공론장과의 공진화

A search for the future of public service broadcasting : Coevolution with public sphere

조항제
한국지역언론학회 (Korean Regional Communication Research Association)|2015.12|언론과학연구 (Journal of Communication Science)|제15권 제4호|pp. 405-446

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참고문헌

키워드

공정성공론장fairness대중문화popular culturepublic spherecommons공영방송수신료public service broadcasting커먼스licence fee
주제분류신문방송학

초록

20세기 말에 들어 공영방송은 여러 측면의 위기에도 불구하고 당초의 비관적 전망과는 다른 길을 걸었다. 여기에는 공론장이라는 이론적 틀이 큰 역할을 했다. 이후로 공론장과 공영방송은 ‘이론’과 ‘현실’의 관계로 일정한 공진화를 보였다. 이 글의 목적은 양자를 통해 지난 과정을 살피고, 변화의 방향을 추출해 공영방송의 미래상을 정립해보고자 하는데 있다. 하버마스의 공론장론은 영역된 1989년 이래 숱한 비판과 반비판의 과정을 거쳤으며, 그 과정에서 상당한 절충과 수정을 보였다. 최근 들어서는 유형화가 가능할 만큼 확대되기도 하였다. 다양한 부문으로 확대된 공론장은 커뮤니케이션이 현대사회에서 지니는 중요성을 웅변하는 단적인 척도이다. 공영방송 역시 이에 발맞춰 유사한 형태의 미래상을 꾀하고 있다. 기존의 시소게임적 단순 대립을 넘어 다양한 가치를 소화하고자 하는 급진적 공정성의 시도나 이런 기준에 대한 부단한 재구성의 시도가 그러하고, 책무적 틀을 유지하게 하는 수신료 재원이 또한 그러하며, 감성․주변부․개인․정체성을 발견하게 하는 대중문화․오락의 적극적인 활용이 그러하다. 커먼스는 디지털․네트워크화된 커뮤니케이션 환경에서 공영방송이 추구할 수 있는 궁극적인 지향점이다.

Abstract

Despite severe crises in several aspects since the late 20th century, the public service broadcasting has not passed through pessimistic ways as many expected. The public sphere as a theoretical framework played an important role here. The public sphere and the public service broadcasting have shown a relationship of coevolution in theory and practice respectively. The aim of this paper is to review the past coevolutionary process between the public sphere and the public service broadcasting on the one hand and to sketch a future model of the public service broadcasting on the other. Since the publication of the English translation of Habermas’s “The structural transformation of the public sphere” in 1989, we have worked through adaptations and modifications in his theory of the public sphere in response to criticisms and counter-criticisms to his original ideas. As a metaphor of the critical importance of communication in contemporary societies, the concept of the public sphere became a guiding principle in the field of the public service broadcasting. It is well reflected in the effort of radical impartiality to incorporate diverse values as a way to overcome seesaw-like opposition, the financial basis of license fee to maintain the frame of accountability, and the active utilization of popular entertainment programs to help individuals find affective, peripheral identities. The commons can be the final goal of the public service broadcasting in today’s digitally networked communication.

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