헌법재판과 대의민주주의 - 헌법재판을 포용한 대의민주주의의 정당성과 효용성 -
Constitutional Adjudication and Representative Democracy
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입법을 무효로 만들 수 있는 헌법재판은 그것이 선출되지 않은 재판관에 의해 이루어진다는 측면에서 민주적이지 않다는 비판과 직면해 왔다. 그러나 오늘날 헌법재판은 민주헌정을 추구하는 대다수의 국가들에서 수용되고 있다. 헌법재판이 민주적 손실을 가져옴에도 불구하고 기본권보호와 같은 더 큰 이익을 성취할 수 있다는 것이 일반적인 설명이나, 본고는 그 이유로 헌법재판이 민주적 이익을 달성할 수 있는, 즉 대의민주주의를 더 나은 민주주의로 만드는 역할을 수행한다는 측면에 주목하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 헌법재판이 대의민주주의와 모순되지 않음을 살펴본다. 민주주의는 다양한 해석에 개방되어 있고, 입헌의 차원에서 헌법재판 역시 주권자의 민주적 의사결정으로 볼 수 있다. 근대 민주주의가 비선출직이 수행하는 입법적 역할의 정당성을 인정해 온 상황 또한 고려될 수 있다. 헌법재판은 따라서 민주주의의 규범적 이상에 어긋나지 않는다. 그러나 헌법재판이 대의민주주의의 자명한 귀결이라는 입장도 아니다. 헌법재판의 포용 여부는 성과와 효용의 문제일 뿐이다. 헌법재판은 이러한 성과와 효용이 인정되는 한에서 지지될 수 있는데, 본고에서는 대의민주주의의 개선과 민주적 증진에 있어서 상당한 성과를 산출할 수 있다는 측면을 집중적으로 검토해 보았다. 이러한 성과는 대의민주주의의 형식 개선, 결함 보완, 민주적 지향성 강화 측면에서 확인할 수 있다.
Abstract
Constitutional adjudication, which can invalidate legislation, has been criticized for being undemocratic because non-elected judges conduct it. However, constitutional adjudication is accepted today in most countries that pursue democratic constitutions. It is a general explanation that constitutional adjudication can achieve more excellent benefits, such as protecting fundamental rights despite the democratic loss. In contrast, this paper focuses on the aspect that constitutional adjudication can play a role in achieving democratic benefit, making representative democracy a better democracy. To this end, we first examine that constitutional adjudication does not contradict representative democracy. Democracy is open to various interpretations, and the inclusion of constitutional adjudication into the constitution can also be viewed as democratic decision-making by the sovereign. It also can be considered how modern democracy has recognized the legislative role played by the non-elected. Constitutional adjudication is, therefore, not contrary to the normative ideal of democracy. However, it doesn’t mean that constitutional adjudication is a self-evident consequence of representative democracy. Whether or not constitutional adjudication is embraced is only a matter of achievements and utilities, and constitutional adjudication can be supported as long as these achievements and utilities are well recognized. In this paper, we focused on the aspect that constitutional adjudication can produce significant achievements in improving representative democracy and promoting democracy. These achievements can be confirmed in terms of improving the form of representative democracy, redressing its deficiencies, and strengthening its democratic orientation.
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