위헌법률심사제도의 민주적 정당성에 관한 고찰: 대의제 민주주의 하에서의 헌법재판제도의 필요성과 제도적 개선방안에 관한 재검토
A Study on the Democratic Legitimacy of the Constitutional Review of Statutes: the Institutional Legitimacy of Constitutional Adjudication under Representative Democracy
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이 연구는 위헌법률심사제도의 본질과 기능에 대한 개괄적 재평가를 시도하였다. 먼저 헌법재판소의 수도이전 판결이후 격렬히 제기되었던 위헌법률심사제도의 반(反)다수제적 성격의 문제에 대한 정확한 이해를 위해, 대의제 민주주의 하에서의 그 제도의 본질과 기능을 비교제도사적으로 검토하였다. 다음으로 위헌법률심사권한이 남용될 경우 나타나게 되는 지나친 사법적극주의에 대한 우려와 그에 대한 반론을 검토하고, 권력분립원리 하에서의 위헌법률심사제도의 의미를 재평가하였다. 그리고 위헌법률심사제의 제도적 정당성을 대표성에 입각한 민주적 정당성의 잣대로 평가하는 기존의 논의들을 비판하고, 사법기관의 제도적 정당성은 전문성에 입각한 공정성･중립성 등에 의해 평가되어야 함을 주장하였다.
Abstract
This paper challenges the conventional understanding that having important policy matters decided by non-majoritarian institutions like courts is inherently undemocratic and damaging to the legitimacy and effectiveness of majoritarian institutions like legislators and elected executive under separation of powers doctrine. This study argues that th judiciary does rarely conflict with the very essence of representative democracy by exercising power of constitutional review of statutes. This research presents an comparative analysis on the institutional history of constitutional adjudication to show that judicial deliberations and rulings are carefully made to construct images and values for the institutional legitimacy of the judiciary in particular political contexts Based on the discussion in a general sense, this essay contends that the Korean Constitutional Court has maintained its institutional legitimacy by deferring to legislative majorities in the National Assembly, not by acting on judicial activism. This paper goes further and address the problem of measuring the institutional legitimacy of the Constitutional Court against the political accountability of representative institutions, and suggests an alternative measure for judicial legitimacy.
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