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엘리트 선수의 경기력 향상을 위한 저산소 트레이닝의 운동생리학적 근거 및 필요성

Exercise physiology basis and necessity of hypoxic training to improve exercise performance in elite athletes

김지수|임기원|박훈영
국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠과학원 (Korea Institute of Sport Science)|2018.12|체육과학연구 (Korean Journal of Sport Science)|제29권 제4호|pp. 737-752|DOI 10.24985/kjss.2018.29.4.737

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참고문헌

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Elite athletes엘리트 선수경기력Exercise performance고지 트레이닝고지 트레이닝 센터Altitude trainingAltitude training center
주제분류체육

초록

[목적] 본 연구는 다양한 선행연구를 바탕으로 많은 스포츠 선진국에서 다양한 종목의 엘리트 선수들에게 있어 운동수행능력 및 경기력 극대화를 위해 적용하고 있는 자연적・인공적 고지환경에서의 운동 트레이닝의 적용방법과 그에 따른 효용성 검토를 통해 국내 고지 트레이닝 센터 개발 및 활용에 대한 필요성을 강조하고자 한다. [결과] 자연적・인공적 고지 트레이닝은 저산소 조건에 대한 혈액학적・비혈액학적인 적응현상을 바탕으로 유・무산소성 운동능력을 개선시키며, 이러한 고지 트레이닝 방법은 LHTH(living high training high), LHTL(living high training low), LLTH(living low training high)로 구분할 수 있다. 1968년 멕시코 올림픽 이후로 개발된 LHTH와 1990년대 Levine과 Stray-Gundersen에 의해 개발된 LHTL은 장시간의 living high를 바탕으로 헤모글로빈 질량 및 적혈구 양 증가와 같은 eryrthropoiesis를 통한 혈액학적 변화에 의해 운동수행능력을 향상시킨다. 반면에, 2000년대 이후부터 지금까지 다양하게 개발되어 온 LLTH는 주로 진공펌프 및 질소발생기를 이용하여 인공적인 고지환경을 조성하며, CHT(continuous hypoxic training), IHT(intermittent hypoxic training) 및 RSH(repeated sprint training in hypoxia)로 구성된다. 일반적으로 LLTH 방법은 3시간 이내의 짧은 시간동안 노출하기 때문에 혈액학적 변화를 유도하지 못하지만, CHT 및 IHT는 골격근과 심장근에서의 다양한 생화학적·구조적 변화를 통해 개선된 운동 경제성, 조직으로의 혈류공급 및 이용, 모세혈관 및 미토콘드리아 밀도, 산화적 효소의 활성도 등을 통해 유산소성 운동능력을 향상시키고, RSH는 해당과정 효소, 글루코스 수성, pH 조절 능력 개선을 통해 무산소성 파워를 증가시키고 반복적인 스프린트 능력을 향상시킨다. 그러나 현재 국내의 경우에는 스포츠 선진국에서 여러 종목의 엘리트 선수의 경기력 향상을 위해 다양하게 적용하고 있는 고지 트레이닝을 적용할 수 있는 시설이 거의 전무할 뿐만 아니라 이에 대한 필요성 인식 또만 매우 부족한 실정이다. [결론] 이에 국내에서도 엘리트 선수의 운동수행능력 및 경기력을 극대화할 수 있는 고지 트레이닝 센터에 대한 개발 필요성이 매우 절실하며, 이를 위한 정부 및 지자체들의 많은 지원과 노력이 필요하다.

Abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to emphasize the need for the establish and the use of altitude training center via examining exercise training method in natural or artificial altitude environment that is applied to various elite athletes in various advanced countries to maximize exercise performance and its effectiveness. [Results] Altitude training in natural or artificial altitude environment enhances aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance baesd on the hematological and nonhematological adaptations to hypoxic conditions. These altitude training methods can be classified into living high training high (LHTH), living high training low (LHTL), and living low training high (LLTH). LHTH (i.e., developed since the 1968 Mexico Olympics) and LHTL (i.e., developed in the 1990s by Levine and Stray-Gundersen) improve exercise performance via hematologic changes through erythropoiesis such as increased hemoglobin mass and erythrocyte volume. On the other hand, LLTH (i.e., has been developed variously since the 2000s) is composed continuous hypoxic training (CHT), intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) and repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH), and the altitude environment is constructed using a vacuum pump and a nitrogen generator. In general, LLTH method dose not induce hematological change in a short time within 3 hours. However, CHT and IHT enhance aerobic exercise capacity by improved exercise economy, supply and utilization of blood to tissues, capillary and mitochondrial densities, and oxidative enzyme activity through various biochemical and structural changes in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. RSH enhances anaerobic power and repetitive sprint performance by improving glycolytic enzyme, glucose transport, and pH control. In Korea, however, there are almost no facilities for altitude training that is applied to enhance athletic performance in advanced sports countries and recognition of the need for altitude training is also very poor. [Conclusions] Therefore, it is very urgent to develop altitude training for maximizing athletic performance in Korea and a lot of support and efforts are needed from the government and local governments.

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