13세기 후반 티베트와 훌레구 울루스
Tibet and the Hulegu Ulus in the late 13th century
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This article is intended to examine the political reality of Tibet during the Mongol period. In the middle of the 13th century, Tibet came within the Mongol Empire's orbit, which controlled most of the Eurasian continent at that time. Qubilai appointed the Tibetan monk 'Phags pa as the Imperial Preceptor and allowed the Sa skya pa sect, 'Phags pa's monastic order, to rule Tibet. Thereafter, the monks of Sa skya came to the Mongol palace in succession to become the Qa'an's preceptors and the Sa skya pa sect had power over Tibet for almost one hundred years until the mid-14th century. However, the dominance of the Qa'an and the Sa skya pa sect over Tibet was not all smooth sailing. The power expansion of Sa skya inevitably undermined the rights of the other Tibetan Buddhist sects and their resistance was considerable. In addition, other Mongol powers were entangled in this antagonistic relationship and Hulegu was at the center of it. Hulegu became controller of a Tibetan fief in Mönke's reign and because he went to the west in search of new territory he was called “Stod Hor” in Tibetan sources, meaning ‘Upper Mongol’ or ‘Western Mongol’. Even though all the Tibetan fiefs of the Mongol princes were recalled at the enthronement of Qubilai, he maintained his fief and the number of the Tibetan people under him was sizeable. Furthermore, before the Sa skya emerged as a new power, the 'Bri gung pa sect and the 'Phags mo gru pa sect that belonged to Hulegu had been the greatest powers in Tibet. Hulegu dispatched a high ranking official to Tibet and this representative managed the people and territory of Hulegu Ulus. Hulegu Ulus and the two sects made an effort to stop the Sa skya's abuse of power and retain their right on the people and territory but it was not easy. The 'Bri gung Rebellion was the biggest revolt in the 13th century in Tibet. In around 1285 the disaffected 'Bri gung pa called for help from the Stod Hor and the Stod Hor army invaded Tibet, attacking the Sa skya. Then the allied force of Qa'an Ulus and Sa skya counterattacked quickly and overwhelmed the Stod Hor army. After the battle the Qa'an tightened his grip over Tibet and expanded his role. After that, the influence of Hulegu Ulus over Tibet was gradually reduced and references to Hulegu Ulus in Tibetan sources disappeared after 1290s. The importance of the relationship between Tibet and Hulegu Ulus in the 13th century has been underestimated so far. However, Hulegu and his descendants maintained their Tibetan fief almost for fifty years and supported monastic orders belonging to them through many ways, which caused conflict with Qa'an. For this reason, a Sa skya historian described Hulegu as an extremely jealous man. The Hulegu Ulus had a great influence on 13th century Tibet and the study on the relationship between Tibet and the Hulegu Ulus will help make clear the political realities of Tibet during the Mongol period.
Abstract
This article is intended to examine the political reality of Tibet during the Mongol period. In the middle of the 13th century, Tibet came within the Mongol Empire's orbit, which controlled most of the Eurasian continent at that time. Qubilai appointed the Tibetan monk 'Phags pa as the Imperial Preceptor and allowed the Sa skya pa sect, 'Phags pa's monastic order, to rule Tibet. Thereafter, the monks of Sa skya came to the Mongol palace in succession to become the Qa'an's preceptors and the Sa skya pa sect had power over Tibet for almost one hundred years until the mid-14th century. However, the dominance of the Qa'an and the Sa skya pa sect over Tibet was not all smooth sailing. The power expansion of Sa skya inevitably undermined the rights of the other Tibetan Buddhist sects and their resistance was considerable. In addition, other Mongol powers were entangled in this antagonistic relationship and Hulegu was at the center of it. Hulegu became controller of a Tibetan fief in Mönke's reign and because he went to the west in search of new territory he was called “Stod Hor” in Tibetan sources, meaning ‘Upper Mongol’ or ‘Western Mongol’. Even though all the Tibetan fiefs of the Mongol princes were recalled at the enthronement of Qubilai, he maintained his fief and the number of the Tibetan people under him was sizeable. Furthermore, before the Sa skya emerged as a new power, the 'Bri gung pa sect and the 'Phags mo gru pa sect that belonged to Hulegu had been the greatest powers in Tibet. Hulegu dispatched a high ranking official to Tibet and this representative managed the people and territory of Hulegu Ulus. Hulegu Ulus and the two sects made an effort to stop the Sa skya's abuse of power and retain their right on the people and territory but it was not easy. The 'Bri gung Rebellion was the biggest revolt in the 13th century in Tibet. In around 1285 the disaffected 'Bri gung pa called for help from the Stod Hor and the Stod Hor army invaded Tibet, attacking the Sa skya. Then the allied force of Qa'an Ulus and Sa skya counterattacked quickly and overwhelmed the Stod Hor army. After the battle the Qa'an tightened his grip over Tibet and expanded his role. After that, the influence of Hulegu Ulus over Tibet was gradually reduced and references to Hulegu Ulus in Tibetan sources disappeared after 1290s. The importance of the relationship between Tibet and Hulegu Ulus in the 13th century has been underestimated so far. However, Hulegu and his descendants maintained their Tibetan fief almost for fifty years and supported monastic orders belonging to them through many ways, which caused conflict with Qa'an. For this reason, a Sa skya historian described Hulegu as an extremely jealous man. The Hulegu Ulus had a great influence on 13th century Tibet and the study on the relationship between Tibet and the Hulegu Ulus will help make clear the political realities of Tibet during the Mongol period.
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