몽골제국 시기 티베트 승려에 대한 보시와 그 운송 문제 고찰
Study on the Mongols' offerings to Tibetan monks and its transportation to Tibet during the Mongol Empire period
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The ruling elites of the Yuan highly esteemed Tibetan Buddhism and even was criticised that the dynasty was collapsed partly because of their blind belief in it. What was most problematic was the vast amount of offerings the Mongols gave to Tibetan monks. However, we know little about the concrete situation: what kind of offerings they provided and how big they were. This article investigates the list of items and the amount of offerings through Tibetan and Chinese sources neglected so far. It shows that the things of Mongol offerings changed as time went by. In the early days of the Mongol Empire, items offered to Tibetan monks were things needed for monks to live in temples, such as monk clothing, shawl and boots. Among them, there were gold brocade robes decorated with lots of pearls. Mongol ruling class considered it essential to give high-quality costumes to their subordinates, and records that Tibetan monks also received such robes show that Mongols' practice of providing goods was also implemented in the Tibetan region. In addition, the frequent mention of pearls as an offering item vividly shows that expensive pearls, which Mongolians loved, also flowed into Tibetan monasteries. However, since Kublai, when the Sakyapa monks began to be appointed as the Imperial Preceptor, they were incorporated into the empire's bureaucratic system, so they received the same goods given to the empire's kings and princesses: high-quality silk, gold, and silver and the amount recorded top during Qubilai-Phagpa period. It also suggests that Hülegü, who went on an expedition to Persia, believed in the same religion, following his brothers in the empire's east. In addition, it shows that the transportation of this enormous quantity of offerings badly damaged the postal relay system, the most critical pillar of the country.
Abstract
The ruling elites of the Yuan highly esteemed Tibetan Buddhism and even was criticised that the dynasty was collapsed partly because of their blind belief in it. What was most problematic was the vast amount of offerings the Mongols gave to Tibetan monks. However, we know little about the concrete situation: what kind of offerings they provided and how big they were. This article investigates the list of items and the amount of offerings through Tibetan and Chinese sources neglected so far. It shows that the things of Mongol offerings changed as time went by. In the early days of the Mongol Empire, items offered to Tibetan monks were things needed for monks to live in temples, such as monk clothing, shawl and boots. Among them, there were gold brocade robes decorated with lots of pearls. Mongol ruling class considered it essential to give high-quality costumes to their subordinates, and records that Tibetan monks also received such robes show that Mongols' practice of providing goods was also implemented in the Tibetan region. In addition, the frequent mention of pearls as an offering item vividly shows that expensive pearls, which Mongolians loved, also flowed into Tibetan monasteries. However, since Kublai, when the Sakyapa monks began to be appointed as the Imperial Preceptor, they were incorporated into the empire's bureaucratic system, so they received the same goods given to the empire's kings and princesses: high-quality silk, gold, and silver and the amount recorded top during Qubilai-Phagpa period. It also suggests that Hülegü, who went on an expedition to Persia, believed in the same religion, following his brothers in the empire's east. In addition, it shows that the transportation of this enormous quantity of offerings badly damaged the postal relay system, the most critical pillar of the country.
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