조선 후기 漢城府 四學 敎官의 성분 : “中學先生案”의 사례 분석

Abstract

The Joseon Dynasty tried to conduct and maintain an unprecedentedly solid Confucian national system and for this goal, established governmental schools in order to reinforce Confucian education all over the country. In the capital city or Hanseongbu(漢城府), the highest institution and four secondary schools were built; the former was called Seonggyungwan(成均館) and the latter Sahak(四學),which were built in the central, eastern, western, and southern districts in Seoul. This system imitated that of Song Dynasty was very creative in the establishment of Sahak as an attached educational institution. This article analyzes the list of adjunct instructors or Seonsaengan(先生案), which contains personal information of those who were sent to Joonghak(中學), one of Sahak. in the late period of Joseon Dynasty, 1654-1894. First of all, most of the instructors came from Jeonju Lee(全州李氏), Andong Kim(安東金氏), Papyeong Yoon(坡平尹氏), Hansan Lee(韓山李氏), and Namyang Hong(南陽洪氏) family etc.. This proportion is mostly similar to that of those who passed a civil service examination in the late period of Joseon Dynasty. It is remarkable that men of Andong Kim family were often appointed as instructor. Secondly, most of them were 30s(37%) and 40s(39%), total 76% in early days. Later, instructors in their 40s decreased and those who in their 20s and 30s increased. In addition, it took time for them to go to their posts as instructor after they passed a civil service examination; it ranged from a few months to 32 years. Most of them(82%) waited for less than 10 years; 44% less than 5 years and 38% from 6 to 10 years. However, the waiting time became shorter. In the late 19th century,79% of the instructors were appointed in 5 years after they passed the examination. Finally, according to the law, the instructors were supposed to hold two jobs;they belonged to not only Sahak but also other department. At first, 46% of them were officials, for example, Eunggyo(應敎), vice Euggyo(副凝膠), Gyori(校理), vice Gyori(副校理), Suchan(修撰), and vice Suchan(副修撰) etc. at Hongmungwan(弘文館), Yejo(禮曹), and 26% of them were Hogun(護軍), vice Hogun(副護軍), Sagwa(司果), vice Sagwa(副司果), Sajik(司直), vice Sajik(副司直), and Sajeong(司正) etc. at Owi(五衛), Byeongjo(兵曹). But, at later, the former decreased and the latter increased; the officials at Owi mostly served as instructor.