『古事記』에 보이는 希望表現에 관한 고찰 -『日本書紀』의 동일기사와의 대조를 통하여-

Abstract

The most widely used “Hope Expressions" in Japanese are「～たい」and「～てほしい」. In Japanese ancient documents, those expressions are usually denoted by two Chinese letters,「Yoku(欲)」and「Gan (願)」. Investigating usage of the letters would help understand their meaning and sentence structuring. Mori Hiromichi(1999) stated in his「日本書紀區分論」that『Nihonshoki(日本書紀)』is compiled by α group, which is described in Classical Chinese, and β group, which is described in Japanese Style Chinese, and「Yoku」and「Gan」were used differently in those two groups.「Yoku」generally represents ‘wish’ in both α and β groups, however,「Gan」corresponds to both ‘wish’ and ‘desire’ in α group and mostly represents ‘desire’ in β group. In『Kojiki(古事記)』, which is written in Japanese Style Chinese, 「Yoku」represents ‘wish’ and「Gan」corresponds to ‘desire’, which is similar to the β group of 『Nihonshoki』. But In『Kojiki』,「Yoku」is unilaterally used where「Gan」could be compatible with, and「Gan」only appears where「Yoku」is unacceptable, demonstrating its own methods of application in hope expression. Specific results of analysis are as follows. First,「Yoku」is less tied to person and tense in usage compared with「Gan」, and include meaning of 〔願望-表出〕desire revelation,〔願望-說明〕desire description,〔希求-表出〕wish revelation and〔希求-說 明〕wish description, allowing wider meaning area than that of「Gan」. Secondly, in meaning area of〔願望-表出〕desire revelation,「Yoku」and「Gan」are interchangeable but there is a difference in the shade of meaning between the two words.「Yoku」is used to show speakers’ inner talks about subjective views, like <思>, meanwhile,「Gan」is for external illocutions, seeking listeners’ understanding. Thirdly, in the meaning area of「願望-說明〕desire description,「Yoku」is incompatible with「Gan」, as 「Yoku」is interpreted as assertion or assumption of third person narrator’s feeling. Lastly, in〔希求-表出〕wish revelation,「Yoku」is used as an auxiliary verb and「Gan」is used as an adverb, showing their incompatibility in using.