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동아시아에서의 노동이주의 동학: 경향, 유형 및 개발과의 연계

The Dynamics of International Labor Migration in East Asia: Trends, Patterns and Development Linkage

최영진
신아시아연구소 (New Asia Research Institute)|2010.12|신아세아 (NEW ASIA)|제17권 제4호|pp. 191-221

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거버넌스노동이주발전이주체계이론해외송금노동이주관리migration system theoryinternational labor migration (ILM)migration-development nexus (MDN)remittancelabor migration governance
주제분류정치외교학

초록

본고는 De Haas(2010)의 이주체계이론에 기초해 동아시아에서의 노동이주 과정의 다층적 측면을 이해하고 이주와 발전과의 연계성을 밝히고자 한다. 즉, 무슨 노동이주 형태를 나타나고 있는지, 무슨 요인이 노동이주를 결정하게 하는지, 그리고 이주노동자로부터의 해외송금이 지역 및 국가발전에 어떻게 기여하는지에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 먼저, 노동이주의 형태는 합법, 불법, 강제 및 비정규 노동으로 나타나고 있다. 수많은 미얀마인과 인도네시아인이 각각 인접국인 태국과 말레이시아로의 이주하는 것은 공간적 거리, 경제적 비용, 문화적 유사성이 중요한 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있다. 거시적인 구조 요인으로 경제규모, 경제성장율, 노동시장의 변화, 송출국 및 수용국의 노동이주 정책 등, 미시적 구조 요인으로 소득수준, 실업률, 개인의 기대 이득 등, 그리고 중범위적 구조 차원에서 공식적 및 비공식 이주 연결망이 노동이주과정에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있다. 더구나 베트남 사례에 보듯이 지방의 사회적 연결망에 기초한 연쇄이주를 통해 보내지는 해외송금액에 따라 지역발전에 비대칭적으로 영향을 미치고 더 나아가 국가발전에 미치는 영향도 다르게 나타난다. 더구나, 발전은 구조적으로 사회적, 정치적, 제도적 개혁과 관련되는 복잡하고 다층적인 과정으로서 현실적으로 개인 이주자의 역량이나 인프라 구축 사업 등의 적극적인 국가 중재가 요구되고 이들이 발전에 중요한 영향을 미치므로 다양한 요인이 고려되어야 한다. 향후 동아시아 노동이주 체계적 관리를 위해 국가적 차원에서 적절한 안전장치뿐만 아니라 공정하고 투명한 충원절차, 노동권 보호, 귀환 및 모국사회에로 통합 등 이주노동에 대한 초국가적인 차원의 거버넌스도 절실히 필요하다.

Abstract

This study aims to understand the multifaceted levels of international labor migration (ILM) process and examine the migration-development nexus in East Asia on the basis of migration system theory developed by De Haas(2010). Some questions are raised as follows: first, what do patterns of ILM appear?; second, what factor makes people a decision for the international labor migration?; and third, how have oversea remittances from the migrant laborers contributed to the local and national development? It has been noticed that the patterns of ILM are classified into legal, illegal, forced or irregular labor migration. The reasons that a number of Myanmarese and Indonesian have been migrated to the neighbouring countries, Thailand and Malaysia respectively would be spacial distance, economic cost, and cultural similarities. The study explains that the three levels of structural factors significantly influence the labour migration process in East Asia: the macro structural factor such as economic size, its growth rate, foreign direct investment, labor market, labor immigration policy, etc.; the macro structural factor such as per capita GDP, unemployment rate, poverty level, etc.; and meso structural level such as formal or informal migration network. Subsequently, from the empirical evidence from the survey we find that the productive investment from the household which received the overseas remittances would have had significant effects on the development if the infrastructure had been facilitated in the region. Again, we realize that development is a complex and multifaceted process, which turns out to be heterogeneous due to resting upon the differential locally-based networks which determine the amount of chain-migration and remittances as seen in the case of Vietnam. Moreover, it gets involved and required with structural social, political and institutional reform, which cannot realistically be attained by individual migrants or remittances alone, and also requires active state intervention. Afterwards, so as to systematically manage ILM, the proper safety measures on the national level as well as the governance of migrant labor on the supranational level are desperately required for fair and transparent selection and recruitment, protection of labor rights, return and integration to the home country.

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