초등 고학년 산문자료 파지에 끼치는 초기인출연습의 시기별 효과
The Timing Effect of Initial Retrieval Practice on the Retention of Prose Material for the Upper Elementary Graders
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이 연구는 초등학교 6학년 271명을 대상으로 371개 단어로 구성된 산문자료 학습 후 0일, 7일, 14일, 21일째 두 가지 상이한 방식으로 실시한 초기인출연습활동이 최초 학습 후 28일째 시행된 최종 준거시험에 끼치는 파지효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 초기인출연습의 방법으로 자유회상과 5지선다형을 적용하였고, 준거시험은 25점 만점의 5지선다형 25개 문항으로 두 집단에 동일하게 실시되었다. 초기인출연습 시기에 따른 파지효과를 분석한 결과, 학습 직후인 0일에 실시한 초기인출연습이 준거시험 시기와 가장 가까운 21일째뿐만 아니라 7일째와 14일째 실시된 초기인출연습 보다 더 효과적 이였으며, 이 결과는 초기인출연습 방법인 자유회상과 5지선다형 유형 모두에 동일하게 적용되었다. 또한 전이적합형처리 원리에 따르면, 학습과정과 시험과정이 일치하는 5지선다형 집단의 준거시험 성취도가 일치하지 않는 자유회상 집단보다 높을 것으로 예상했으나, 두 집단 간 차이는 없었다. 따라서 인출연습 방법으로써 자유회상의 효과가 5지선다형보다 파지에 끼치는 영향이 좀 더 보편적일 수도 있다는 실증적 증거와 더불어 파지에 끼치는 초기인출연습 효과가 ‘바람직한 어려움 효과’보다 더 크다는 결과를 확인했다.
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of the initial retrieval practice on the final criterion test conducted on the 28th day after the initial learning. 271 sixth graders performed the initial retrieval practices in two different way on different timings: 0th day, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day after learning the prose material consisting of 371 words. Free-recall and multiple-choice test types were applied as a method of initial retrieval practice, and the criterion test was conducted equally among the two groups with 25 multiple-choice items. Concerning the different effects by the timing of the initial retrieval practice, the initial retrieval practice conducted on the 0th, immediately after learning, was more effective than the initial retrieval practice conducted on the 7th and 14th day as well as the 21st day closest to the time of the criterion test, and the same results were found in both initial retrieval practice methods: free-recall and multiple-choice test. In addition, according the principle of transfer appropriate processing, the achievement in the criterion test of the multiple-choice test group whose testing process matched the learning process had been expected to be higher than that of the non-consistent free-recall group, but there was no difference between the two groups. Therefore, it was confirmed that the effect of free-recall as a method of retrieval practice, along with empirical evidence that the effect of free-recall on blank paper may be more common than the multiple-choice test, is greater than ‘the desirable difficulty effect’ of initial retrieval exercise on prose material.
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