신돌석 설화를 통한 마가복음서의 예수 이해
Understanding of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark based on the narrative of Dol-Seok Shin
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지금까지 마가복음서의 그리스도론에 대한 접근은 교리에 기반한 사고틀 안에서 호칭을 중점으로 이루어졌다. 설화 안에서 제공하는 정보를 토대로 예수의 사회적 위치를 묻고자 하는 시도가 없었다. 최근 마가복음서를 이천 년 전에 복음담가가 청중들을 대상으로 구연하는 가운데 형성된 본문으로 보는 학자들이 급증하였다. 이야기판의 성격상 담가는 청중이 선호하는 인물유형으로 이야기를 지어 말한다. 즉, 마가복음서에 나오는 예수는 그 당시 청중이 ‘공동창작자’로서 기여하여 나온 유형이다. 그런데 마가담가가 전하는 예수는 실패한 민중출신 영웅이다. 그리고 한국 민속학계의 연구에 따르면, 이러한 유형의 인물설화를 가장 향유하는 집단은 평민이다. 한국에는 실제 실패한 민중출신 영웅으로 신돌석이 있는데, 그는 너무나도 유사하게 예수와 비슷한 삶을 살았다. 그리고 그에 대한 설화가 입말, 글말, 그리고 역사서도 있다. 실제 인물인 신돌석에 대한 다양한 문서들은 마가이야기의 예수상과 청중, 그리고 그들의 이해를 엿볼 수 있다. 로마 그리스도인들은 주로 하층민으로 한 번도 지배계층에게 저항해 승리하지 못했던 자들이라고 할 수 있다. 이들은 살기 위해 부당한 현 체제에 복종하며 살지만 마음 한 구석에는 같은 출신의 이인이 나타나 변혁이 일어나기를 꿈꾼다. 그러면서도 실패의 역사만 있기 때문에 자기편의 영웅이 성공하리라 기대를 하지 못한다. 마가담가는 그리스도인들이 믿음을 지키지 못할까봐 두려워하자, 역설의 논리를 사용한다. 예수는 비록 외형상으로는 실패한 듯 보이나, 하나님의 뜻에 순종하여 끝까지 희생의 길을 걸어감으로써 하나님의 아들로 증명되었다. 담가는 청중들에게 비록 숭고하게 죽지 않더라도 믿음을 꿋꿋하게 지킨다면 하나님으로부터 인정을 받을 것이라고 말하는 것이다.
Abstract
The Christology of the Gospel of Mark has been studied mainly on titles of Jesus within a frame of theological hermeneutics. An attempt to ask the social status of Jesus never has been made as the Markan teller says. Recently many scholars have asserted that Mark would be the performance text that gospel-teller narrated Jesus’ story in front of the audiences. By nature of oral performance, especially in the figure narrative, the gospel-teller should set up a main character favored by the audience. So to speak, Jesus who the Markan teller narrated, is a character by means of contribution of the audience, so-called ‘co-creator.’ Jesus in Mark is classified into a failed hero from the common people. According to researches in Korean folklore, the community who like to hear the story of this type of hero are the common people. Especially there is a historical person named Dol-Seok Shin who has a similar life with a failed hero from the lower class in Korea. He has a lot of similarities with Jesus in life. Besides he generates various oral traditions, written texts, and an historical research. They can give us an understanding of both Markan Jesus and the audience. Roman Christians who were assumed to belong to the lower class, might not have had any experience of success to resist the upper class. The lower class used to have a dream of a supernatural being from the same class to change the suppressive system of society, although they obeyed to the current authority. They, meanwhile, would not dare to expect his success in reality due to defeats completely in the history of resistance movement. The Markan teller adopted a literary device of paradox to his audiences who had been afraid of not keeping their faithfulness at a critical moment. Jesus seems to fail at his outcry of dereliction on the cross, but is proved at last to be the Son of God by the centurion because he obeys in silence to sacrifice himself for others to the death. The Markan teller sends his message to the audiences that they also would be acknowledged by God finally if they keep a steadfastness in their faith, even if do not die in a noble way.
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