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유네스코 무형문화유산 보호협약이 문화적 다양성 확대에 미친 영향 -인도네시아 전통춤 자띨란의 사례를 중심으로-

Impacts of UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage on Cultural Diversity -The Case of Jathilan, Indonesian Traditional Dance-

김형준
국립무형유산원 (National Intangible Heritage Center)|2021.12|무형유산 (Korean Journal of Intangible Heritage)|제11호|pp. 107-136|DOI 10.22956/nihc.2021..11.004

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인도네시아IndonesiaCultural DiversityUNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage문화적 다양성유네스코 무형문화유산 보호협약무형문화유산 지정제도자띨란Designation of the National Intangible Cultural HeritageJathilan

초록

유네스코 협약이 무형문화유산의 존재 조건에 미친 영향은 다각도로 검토되었다. 기존 연구에서 상대적으로 관심을 받지 않은 문제는 이슬람의 영향력이 강화되고 있는 국가에서 무형문화유산이 처한 상황이다. 최근 무슬림 다수 지역에서는 경전의 내용을 문자 그대로 이해하고 실천하려는 경전중심적 종교해석이 강조됨에 따라 이슬람적-비이슬람적이라는 틀로 일상을 재단하려는 경향이 강해졌고, 이는 경전에 직접 언급되지 않은 전통문화와 관습의 기반을 흔들었다. 이 글에서는 유네스코 협약이 무슬림 다수 국가에 미친 영향을 인도네시아를 중심으로 살펴볼 것이며, 특히 협약 비준 후 인도네시아 정부가 시행한 무형문화유산 국가 지정 제도를 고찰하고자 한다. 공동체 내의 살아있는 전통이라는 무형문화유산 개념이 제도 시행 과정에 어떻게 반영되었는지를 글의 전반부에서 검토할 것이다. 글의 후반부에서는 비이슬람적 성격의 전통춤이라 비판받는 공연예술이 국가 지정제 시행 후 어떤 담론에 기반하여 어떤 새로운 정체성을 획득하게 되었는지를 분석할 것이다. 이러한 논의에 기초하여 유네스코 협약이 인도네시아 사회의 문화적 다양성 유지에 긍정적인 효과를 미쳤다는 주장을 제기할 것이다.

Abstract

The impacts of the UNESCO Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage have been investigated from diverse angles. An issue that has received relatively little attention in these examinations is the position of the intangible cultural heritage in Muslim-majority countries where the influence of Islam has recently strengthened. The literal interpretation of Islamic teachings has brought a tendency to look at daily life through the framework of Islamic and non-Islamic life. This dichotomy has shaken the foundation of traditional cultural heritage elements that are not usually mentioned clearly in the Scriptures, and thus hostile attitudes to them have been expressed. To examine the impacts of the UNESCO Convention on Muslimmajority countries, this paper investigates Indonesia, focusing on the policy of designation of national intangible cultural heritage. First, the paper explores whether the concept of intangible cultural heritage as a living tradition in the community is properly reflected in the policyimplementation process. Second, the paper analyzes how a traditional dance that was criticized as non-Islamic has acquired a new identity from discourse on intangible cultural heritage. With these, the paper maintains that the UNESCO Convention has helped to maintain the cultural diversity of Indonesian society.

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