지역언어학적 관점에서 본 퉁구스어족의 부동사어미 *-mi와 *-rAki-
Converbal endings *-mi and *-rAki- in Tungusic from the perspective of areal linguistics
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퉁구스어족은 러시아의 동시베리아와 극동지역, 중국의 동북지방과 신장·위구르자치구 등에 걸쳐 분포하는 언어이다. 퉁구스어족은 대략 11개의 하위언어로 구성되며 지역적 분포에 따라 크게 북퉁구스어 (어웡키어, 어원어, 네기달어), 동퉁구스어 (울치어, 나나이어, 오로치어, 윌타어, 우디허어), 남퉁구스어 (솔론어, 허저어, 만주어)의 3그룹으로 분류할 수 있다. 본 논문은 퉁구스어족의 부동사어미 중에서 가장 빈번하게 이용되는 *-mi와 *-rAki-를 대상으로 퉁구스어 간의 문법적 차이를 지역언어학적 관점에서 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해서 인칭표시, 수표시, 보조동사, 발화동사의 문법화, 지시전환 (조건문), 주제·대비표지의 범언어적 유형론을 기반으로 하는 6가지 형태·통사적 파라미터를 이용한다. 고찰 결과, 퉁구스어족의 부동사어미 *-mi와 *-rAki-에 나타나는 문법적 차이가 만주어를 중심으로 하는 남퉁구스어에 가장 현저하게 관찰되며, 이는 주변언어인 몽골어의 미완료부동사어미와 조건부동사어미의 특징과 거의 대부분에 걸쳐 일치하고 있다는 것이 확인되었다. 그 중에서 만주어의 -me와 -či는 몽골어의 두 부동사어미의 문법적 특징과 가장 큰 유사성을 보이는데, 이는 만주어가 남퉁구스어 중에서도 몽골어로부터 가장 많은 영향을 받은 결과라고 추정된다.
Abstract
The Tungusic language family consisting of approximately 11 languages is distributed in East Siberia, Russian Far East, Northern Chinese Province, and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. From the geographical point of view, Tungusic can be divided into three groups: North Tungusic (Evenki, Even, and Negidal), East Tungusic (Ulcha, Nanay, Orochi, Uilta, and Udihe), and South Tungusic (Solon, Hezhen, and Manchu). Due to its geographical distribution, Tungusic is known to have had or be possibly in contact with a variety of neighboring languages such as Russian, Sakha, Mongolic, and Chinese. The main objective of this paper is to examine grammatical variations of two converbal forms *-mi and *-rAki- among Tungusic from the perspective of areal linguistics. “Areal linguistics” is a field of linguistics aiming to analyze linguistic distinctions within a language family in relationship with its contiguous languages from the language contact standpoint. In this study, six typological morpho-syntactic parameters of converbs—person marking, number marking, auxiliary verb structure, grammaticalization of speech verbs, switch-reference in conditionals, topic or contrastive function—are employed to clarify morpho-syntactic differences of the two converbal endings in comparison with semantically corresponding imperfective and conditional converbs in the adjacent Kolima Yukaghir, Sakha, and Mongolian languages. In conclusion, the grammatical peculiarities of the *-mi and *-rAki- among Tungusic are prominently verified in South Tungusic languages (Solon, Hezhen, and Manchu) on the Chinese side and most of these phenomena are strikingly consistent with those of imperfective and conditional converbal forms in Mongolian. Among South Tungusic, the -me and -či in Manchu are proved to bear most similarities to those of Mongolian and this may reflect that Manchu is a Tungusic language mostly influenced from Mongolian.
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