노동소득분배율과 출산율 : 16개 시도 자료를 이용한 실증분석
Labor Income Share and Fertility Rate : An Empirical Analysis Using Data of 16 Cities and Provinces
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본 연구는 2003∼2019년의 우리나라 16개 시도로 구성된 패널자료를 이용해 노동소득과 출산율 간의 관련성을 분석한다. 시도별 노동소득은 자영업자의 소득을 보정할 수 있는 두 가지 노동소득분배율, 즉 (1) 자영업자의 소득을 모두 노동소득으로 간주한 값과 (2) 자영업자의 노동소득과 임금근로자의 노동소득이 같다는 전제로 측정한 값을 사용하고, 출산율은 합계출산율과 함께 20∼29세, 30∼39세 및 40∼49세 모(母)의 연령별 출산율을 고려한다. 실증분석 결과는 노동소득증가가 합계출산율에 통계적으로 유의한 음(-)의 영향을 미치지만, 충분히 큰 노동소득분배율을 상정하면 소득효과로 인해 합계출산율에 양(+)의 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있는 것으로 추정된다. 이는 출산율 제고를 위한 공공정책이 일시적인 소득보전의 방식(출산장려금, 아동수당 등)보다는 보육시설의 확충이나 아동복지의 확대와 같이 자녀 양육의 부담을 사회전체가 책임지는 형태로 이루어지는 것이 효과적일 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한 여성의 고용이나 노동소득이 출산율에 미치는 영향은 모의 연령에 따라 다른 결과가 관측된다. 여성의 고용이나 노동소득이 30대 여성의 출산율을 가장 제약하는것으로 나타난 반면, 40대 여성의 출산율은 고용이나 노동소득에 크게 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 출산율제고를 효율적으로 달성하기 위해서는 여성의 고용, 나이, 소득 등 다양한 요인을 고려한 차별화된 정책수립이 요구된다.
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between labor income and fertility rate using panel data of 16 cities and provinces in Korea for the period 2003-2019. Labor income by each cities and provinces is measured two labor shares of income that may incorporate the self-employed incomes. Further, the fertility rate is used the total fertility rate and mothers’ age-specific fertility rate of 20-29, 30-39, and 40-49. The empirical results provide that an increase in labor income has a statistically significant and negative impact on the total fertility rate, but assuming a sufficiently large labor share of income, it is likely to have a positive impact on the total fertility rate through income effect. This suggests that public policies that increase the fertility rate in a form in which society as a whole is responsible for the burden of child rearing, such as expansion of childcare facilities and child welfare, may be more effective than temporary income supplement methods, such as birth incentives and child allowances. In addition, the impact of women's employment or labor income on the fertility rate is observed to have different results depending on the mother's age. While the fertility rate for women in 40s is expected to be largely unaffected by employment and labor income, employment and labor income are the biggest constraining factors for women in 30s. Therefore, differentiated policies are needed that take into account various factors, such as women's employment, age, and income in order to effectively increase the fertility rate.
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