元 前期 達魯花赤의 제도화와 그 위상의 변화

Abstract

This article discussed the Institutionalization of the Darughachi in early Yuan Dynasty and the change of its status after the conquest of southern Song. The terms Darugachi itself is derived from a Mongol word Darugha which means “leader.” Initially it simply denoted a military leader who led the Mongol army in the initial stages of the Mongol conquest, but soon developed to mean a representative of the Great Khan, who acted as his commissioner of the conquered area. The Darugachi system was applied to the whole extent of the Mongol Empire, and it continued for 150 years until the collapse of the Mongol Empire. After the separation of the Yuan Dynasty and the so-called four Khanates, in each of the regions the Mongol rulers established different local administrative systems suitable for each of the different social and political backgrounds, but the establishment of these new systems did not replace the Darughachi system. Instead, these regional systems were combined with the Darughachi system. Within this process, the indirect rule shifted towards a more direct rule, and the Darughachi himself became more of a civil administration officer. Especially in the area of China, the Darughachi system shared many characteristics with the traditional Chinese local official who, at least idealistically, was expected to protect and serve the local people. As Kubilai consolidated his rule in China, he swiftly adopted the Chinese bureaucratic system and initiated a series of centralization policies. During this process, the Darughachi system was operated in each field for ruling conquered China like the military system and the artisan households system. And it also integrated into the system and became part of the systematized local rule, and the Darughachi became part of the local civil administration. In the midst of Khubilai’s reign, Yuan began the war of the conquest on the southern Song. As the conquered area expanded, the Darughachi was delegated to each area, and played a role as a military officer. After finishing the conquest of the southern Song, in each level of the administration office, the Darughachi was accredited as the civil officer, made an important role in controlling rural people of the Southern Song. In the process of re-organizing the office in Southern-China, numerous administrative offices needed to dispatch the Darughachi. In this situation, many of Darughachis without background appeared in southern-China. This influenced overall decline in their status in late Yuan Dynasty.