先秦時代‘天人關係論’의 양상과 張載의 계승에 관한 연구

Abstract

In this thesis, even though Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi are the most renowned Confucians during Pre-chin period, analyses mainly both on Confucius and Mencius to focus on the Tian(天) in the relationship between Tian and Ren. To Confucius Tian still has a power to preside over individual human being some extent, but to Mencius Tian meant more broder and universal one that has sociacultural characteristics. Though the differences between them reflect those different spirit of the times respectively, it is significant in the aspects of elaboration of Confucianism. On the basis of this introspection, Zhang Zai has developed the relationship between Tian and Ren in detail, the very results are Metaphysics of Qi and human nature. In other words, the reasons why Zhang Zai distinguishes between the "nature of heaven and earth" and the "nature of temperament and desires" are to maintain his concerns merely on the Tian and Ren relationship likewise Confucius and Mencius. To sum up, Zhang Zai had a strong intention to give meaning to, and to separate between the 'essential aspect' and "practical aspect" in respect to individuals and society in each case to Tian which gained intensive implications during the Pre-chin period. Zhang Zai developed a Qi-based system which brings about myriad things and disperses them. However with regard to human nature, Zhang Zai distinguishes between the "nature of heaven and earth"(tiandi zhixing) and the "nature of temperament and desires"(qizhi zhixing). This idea raised from the concept of Human Nature rooted in Mencius'. His thought between Metaphysics of Qi and human nature led to controversial argument seemed contradictory among late scholars. Zhang Zai's theory, yet, could be perceived as the results of a quest for idealism of the Confucianism. For this reason, I will speculate his thought in relation to Pre-chin Confucianism periods to figure out the circumstances of the birth of his complicated Metaphysics of Qi and human nature theory. As a result this study will give some useful explanations to the understanding of underlying intellectual consequences, that inheritance or exclusion, in the era of following Neo-Confucianism.