프롤레타리아 국제주의의 딜레마에 관한 시론 ― 중소 동맹의 결렬로 본 사회주의 국가관계의 구조적 불균형
The Predicament of Proletariat Internationalism ― Structural Defects of Inter-Socialist State Relations as Reflected in the Sino-Soviet Split
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프롤레타리아 국제주의는 각국 공산당이 黨際關系와 국가관계를 처리할 때 따르는 정치적 규범이다. 중소 동맹의 결렬을 초래한 결정적 요소에 관한 지금까지의 학술계의 분석은 주로 ‘이데올로기 분기론’과 ‘국가이익 충돌론’으로 표현되었다. 본문은 사회주의 국가관계를 유지하는 정치적 규범의 각도에서 中蘇 양당, 양국 관계의 변화 과정을 집중적으로 고찰하여 ‘구조적 불균형론’을 제기한다. 첫째, 사회주의 진영의 영도 구조에 변화가 발생한 이후 중소 양당이 대등해짐에 따라, 담론권 투쟁이 중소 양당의 노선과 정책상의 분기를 해결하는 기본 수단이 되었으며, 그 목표는 국제공산주의운동의 주도권 획득에 있었다. 둘째, 당제관계는 국가관계를 가리거나 심지어 그것을 대체하였는데, 이 구조 속에는 본질적으로 주권의식, 평등 관념이 없었다. 이러한 구조적 결함은 중소동맹이 결렬로 치닫게 된 근본 원인이 되었다.
Abstract
Internationalism was a political doctrine that various communist parties followed in conducing inter-party and inter-state relations. Previous studies of the Sino-Soviet split tended to highlight "ideological discords" and "conflicts of national interests." This article examines the evolving relationship between the two parties and two states from the angle of the norms in socialist inter-state relations, and makes an argument focusing on "structural defects." First, once the leadership situation of the socialist camp changed and put the Chinese and the Soviet parties on an equal footing, competition for a dominant discourse became the principal means for the two parties to solve their orientation and policy disagreements. The ultimate goal of such competition was leadership in the international communist movement. Second, inter-party relationship covered or even replaced inter-state relationship, and in such a structure sense of sovereignty and idea of equality did not exist. Such structural defects were the fundamental cause of the Sino-Soviet split.
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