儒家视域下的自我 —以孔子、程颢为例—
Analysis on the Self under the Vision of Confucian Values
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中华文化，无疑是一底蕴厚重深湛、未来意义不可低估的文化。历史上，对于此一文化及其核心价值的形成与确立，儒家无疑发挥了举足轻重的作用。孔子（前551年—前479年）与程颢（1032—1085年），是本文探讨儒家视域下的自我的切入点。与西方突显基于肉体感性生命而来的鲜明而强烈的个我之自我观念形成对照的，是中华文化语境下的自我观念。儒家视域下的自我，奠定于先秦时期人的发现的时代主题与孔子于其中所作出的划时代意义的杰出贡献。孔子契接礼乐之统，意味着对于人的发现的时代主题的契接。继此契接，孔子着力突显了礼乐之统在直接性的生命存在本身之存在上的究竟意义，予以自觉的此一意义上的创造性转化，进而并从人自身那里为其寻得了真切可靠的价值根基，即仁。仁被诠显为内在于人的生命之中的崇高价值。人本身直下即成为拥有崇高价值的存在。礼乐之统有了来自于生命存在本身的价值根基与直接承当，与人的生命存在接通。仁礼合一的全新哲学文化价值系统最终建构完成。在孔子的视域下，自我非孤立性存在，自我之在，上以通天，下以接所有的天地人物。自我即是如此地与天地人物相连一体，以此而在，以此而实现着人生的一切。孔子之后，自先秦时代起，儒家渐次确立起自身涵纳天人、贯通古今、放眼未来的哲学天人之学。置身由汉唐经学向宋明理学转型过程中的程颢，推出了他的理学体系。程颢首先开示了一个充满盎然生机、生意的有机整体宇宙图景，继之揭示了此一生机、生意之所自来的终极宇宙根基，即天理，并指出天理是一终极的令物生生之理，即是一最高的绝对之善本身，由此天理即仁体。此一天理、仁体令天地万物涵具并彰显出盎然生机、生意，且一体无隔。人禀受它而具备了存在的所以然的终极宇宙根基和充足的价值根据与资源，应据之一则珍视自己生命的内在价值，令其原发性畅然舒展、展现与实现，再则珍视并善待他人他物的内在价值，视天地人物一体无隔的有机宇宙整体中的一切皆为我生命的有机组成部分，期其亦皆能原发性畅然舒展、展现与实现自我，从而成就起一宇宙式大我，达到成为天理、仁体自觉圆融化身的最高的生命境界，即天地境界。经程颢的创造性解读，自我不仅仅是基于肉体感性生命之自我的自我，更是，抑或毋宁更应是基于终极大宇宙根基之天理的天地人物无一例外地皆我之的大我。此一大我，才是自我之在的本然、实然与应然。这一解读，为孔子所开创的儒家之视域所容许，而令其得到了空前之升华。
Abstract
The self is a unique concept in the Confucianism, which was laid by Confucius and elucidated by later Confucians. Theories on benevolence were the core of Confucianism, which showed the intrinsic value of human life firstly under its unique vision at the times of “discovery of man”. Cheng Hao who was in the process of transition between classical learning of Han and Tang Dynasties and neo-Confucianism of Song and Ming dynasties blended Confucius’s theory on benevolence with Yi-ology to give benevolence a new life. A dynamic and organic picture of universe lied in the theory which revealed that “Tian Li” was the basis of everything. Meanwhile, “Tian Li” was absolute goodness, namely benevolence. All the things were regarded as an organic whole due to it. Human possessed the ultimate cause of being and sufficient value resources. human’s intrinsic values of life should be cherished and fulfilled naturally as well as other beings’ intrinsic values which were regarded as inevitable parts of my life. Cheng Hao pursued a kind of undistinguishable state with all things on earth as an integral whole, which was named as the world realm. The intrinsic values of human and other beings which were based on the course of heaven were demonstrated fully in Cheng Hao’s new theory of benevolence，which claimed that the fundamental value should be conserved, including all beings on earth. In the global and contemporary social cultural context, all studies on how to transform creatively and explore its modern value and significance in the future are very important.
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