아담 스미스(Adam Smith) 경제학의 철학적 기원: 경제적 사회적 질서 개념을 중심으로
The Philosophical Origin of Adam Smith’s Economic and Social Order
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스미스(A. Smith)의 경제학 논의는 그의 도덕철학 체계의 한 부분으로서 18세기 스코틀랜드 계몽철학의 전통을 계승하고 있다. 본 연구에 의하면 스미스의 자유 주의적 경제적 질서 개념은 그의 도덕철학에 내재되어 있는 사회적 질서 개념에 서 유래하며, 그 원천은 근대 자연법사상이 허치슨(F. Hutcheson)에 의하여 스코 틀랜드 계몽철학으로 수용되는 과정에서 발생한 인간본성에 대한 인식의 변화에 기인한다. 허치슨은 가치판단의 대상을 개인의 행동동기 또는 감정으로 설정하여 사회질서에 개인주의적 성향을 부여하였다. 스미스는 한편으로는 이러한 허치슨 의 논의를 수용하였으며, 다른 한편으로는 가치판단의 기준을 개인행동의 적합성 으로 설정함으로써 사회적 공동선의 추구를 개인에게 강제할 수 있는 근거를 제 거하였다.
Abstract
The economic discourse of A. Smith constitutes a part of his moral philosophy which, in turn, reflects the tradition of Scottish Enlightenment. Smith’s notion of liberal economic order is characterized by empiricism and individualism. This paper examines their philosophical sources. It argues that empiricism comes from Hutcheson who restructured the natural law theories of the modern era in terms of moral-cum-empiricist arguments. Smith in turn transformed Hutcheson’s moral system, and removed the social necessity to enforce the common good. It makes Smith’s social order individualistic as well as empiricist.
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