스코틀랜드 도덕철학의 전통에서 본 Adam Smith 도덕감정론의 함의
The Implications of Adam Smith’s Moral Philosophy in the Tradition of Scottish Moral Philosophy
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초록
본 연구는 스코틀랜드 도덕철학의 전통 속에서 아담 스미스 도덕감정론의 함의를고찰하는 연구이다. 아담 스미스의 도덕철학이 스코틀랜드 도덕철학을 충실히 계승하고 있는 지점은 첫째, ‘이성’이 아닌 ‘감정’(감각) 또는 ‘공감’에 충실한 인간본성적도덕론을 전개하고 있다는 점이다. 둘째, 인간의 본성을 ‘이기심’이 아닌 ‘도덕감각’ 또는 ‘공감’의 원리를 중심으로 ‘사회성’의 차원에서 논구하는 점이다. 다른 한편, 스미스의 도덕감정론은 스코틀랜드 도덕철학의 ‘관찰자’ 개념을 한층 발전시켰고, 공감원리에 기반한 적절성을 관찰자를 매개로 투영함으로써 도덕적 판단의 객관성을 확보하고자 했다. 연구 결과, 아담 스미스의 도덕감정론이 스코틀랜드 도덕철학의 전통과 차이를 갖는 부분은 첫째, 스미스가 공리성과 도덕철학의 토대를 구별함으로써새로운 도덕철학의 입지 정립을 시도했다는 점이다. 둘째, ‘정의’를 인위적 덕성으로간주했던 흄과 달리 스미스는 인간본성적 정의론을 논구했다는 점이다. 다만, 스미스의 도덕철학과 관련하여 ‘도덕감각(moral sense)’ 또는 ‘내감(inner sense)’의도덕적 변별의 역할이 공감원리를 통하여 대체될 수 있는지, 인간본성적 정의론에서정의가 인애보다 선차적 중요성을 갖는지 여부에 대해서는 별도의 검토가 필요하다.
Abstract
This study examines the implications of Adam Smith’s moral philosophy in the tradition of Scottish moral philosophy. Adam Smith’s moral philosophy faithfully succeeds Scottish moral philosophy because first, the moral theory based on human nature unfolds with “emotions” (senses) or “empathy” instead of “reason.” Second, human nature is discussed from the “social” perspective based on “moral senses” or “empathy,” instead of “selfishness.” Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, however, develops the concept of “spectators” in Scottish moral philosophy to the next level and establishes the concept of “the impartial spectator” and reflects the spectator as the medium of fairness based on an empathy principle. This was to ensure that moral decisions made were objective. Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments is distinguished from traditional Scottish moral philosophy because, first, Smith distinguishes the common good from the basis of moral philosophy to establish a new moral philosophy theory. Second, unlike Hume who considered “justice” to be an artificial virtue, Smith discussed the theory of justice based on human nature. However, in Smith’s moral philosophy, whether the moral role of distinguishing “moral sense” from “inner sense” can be replaced by the empathy principle, and whether the human nature-based theory of justice prioritizes justice over humane affection must be reviewed closely.
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