애덤 스미스의 행복이론: 행복경제학과 시민경제론의 기원
Adam Smith's Theory of Happiness: An Origin of Happiness Economics and Civil Economy
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초록
본 연구는 비교적 최근에 출현한 행복경제학에 관한 스미스의 선구적 견해를 총체적으로 조명한다. 행복이론과 행복경제학에 관한 학설사적인 주요 흐름을 우선개관한 후, 스미스의 행복과 경제학에 관한 관점을 상세히 고찰하며 그 이론의 핵심을 구체적인 사례를 들어 예증한다. 스미스에 따르면, 첫째, 행복은 본원적인욕구의 충족에서 비롯되며, 또한 자유와 재산 같은 외부적 조건의 영향을 받는다. 둘째, 진정한 행복은 욕구의 충족이 객관적 기준(공정한 관찰자의 동감)에 부합하는 경우에만 도래한다. 셋째, 객관적 목록기준에 부합하는 경우에도 마음의 구조나 욕구의 특성에 따라서 행복의 질적인 차이가 발생한다. 본 연구를 통해 확인된점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스미스의 행복이론에서 주관주의적 그리고 객관주의적접근법이 모두 활용된다. 둘째, 스미스의 행복과 경제학에 관한 관점은 기본적으로 사회경제활동에서 상호성의 가치를 무엇보다 중시한다는 점에서 현대 시민경제론과 사회적 경제의 지성사적 기원을 형성한다.
Abstract
This paper aims to address Adam Smith’s frontier view of happiness and economics, which has recently been raised since the so-called Easterlin’s Paradox. At the outset, we take a historical look at several major theories of happiness in philosophy and psychology, from which two theories of happiness economics have arisen. Next we examine, in detail, Smith's approach to happiness in light of his moral philosophy, and cast some light on his opinion that true happiness consists in agreeing with sympathetic sentiments of impartial spectators. We then suggest that, while in his moral philosophy a hybrid (subjective and objective) approach to happiness is taken as a whole, his basic theory of happiness is largely in line with the tradition of Aristotelian objective list theory. We conclude that Smith’s view of happiness in moral philosophy is a precursor of modern civil humanism and happiness economics, in that the value of reciprocity among agents is regarded, above all, to be important in socio-economic transactions.
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