애덤 스미스 '보이지 않는 손'의 신학적 성격: 도덕철학 체계에서 갖는 위상과 의미
Theological Dimensions of Adam Smith's 'invisible hand': its Role and Meaning in the System of Moral Philosophy
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본 논문은 스미스(Adam Smith, 1723-1790) 사상의 주요 개념 가운데 하나인 '보이지 않는 손(invisible hand)'의 신학적 성격을 밝히고, 그 개념이 스미스의 사상에서 차지하는 위상과 의미를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 스미스의 '보이지 않는 손'은 오늘날 일반 상식처럼 경제학에 국한되어 사용되고 있으나, 실은 인류의 행복과 번영, 완성을 목표로 지상세계를 창조하고 조정하는 신의 섭리를 지칭하기 위해 스미스가 당대의 맥락에서 동원한 용어였다. 스미스는 주로 영국의 자연신학 전통에 따라 이 용어를 도덕철학의 하위 분과들인 정치경제학, 윤리학, 법학을 하나의 체계로 조직화하는 원리로 도입함으로써 사회적 기획을 신학적으로 정당화하고, 인간을 신이 부여한 자연적 본능, 도덕적 능력, 처방전에 따라 그 사회적 기획에 의식적으로 참여하는 신의 적극적인 협력자로 규정했다. 스미스의 '보이지 않는 손'에 대한 이와 같은 목적론적 이해는 그간 스미스의 '보이지 않는 손'이 추구하는 목적을 쾌락주의적 차원에 한정함으로써 이 용어에 내재된 도덕적 함의와 신정론에 주목하지 않은 기존의 연구들을 보완할 수 있는 하나의 새로운 시각을 제시한다. 이는 또한 스미스의 사상을 18세기의 맥락에서 역사적으로 복원하는 차원의 작업을 넘어, 오늘날 가치를 탈각한 객관적 법칙이 지배하는 자율적 세계로 범주화된 경제적 삶의 공간을 다시금 신의 목적에 비추어 반추할 수 있는 계기를 제공할 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper aims to reveal theological dimensions of Adam Smith's 'invisible hand' and its role and meaning in his system of moral philosophy. Smith's 'invisible hand' has been commonly regarded as economic term so far, but this term was originally intended to refer to Providence of God for happiness, prosperity, and perfection of mankind. Following primarily the tradition of British scientific natural theology, Smith introduced this term as an organizing principle in his moral philosophy connecting political economy, ethics, and jurisprudence as a system of thought to justify his social project theologically, and defined human as an active cooperator of God who participates consciously that divine social project with god-given natural instinct, moral nature, and prescription. This specific understanding on the teleological dimensions of Smith's 'invisible hand' presents a new perspective to make up for existing studies which understood Smith's 'invisible hand' as hedonistic term, thereby ignoring the moral and theodicean dimensions of that term. Moreover, this understanding recommends us to reflect critically on the domain of economic life categorized as an autonomous space ruled by objective rules like the laws of natural science.
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