신자유주의적 통치성, 주체, 그리고 공공성의 문제: Foucault의 1978, 1979년 강의를 중심으로
Neoliberal Governmentality, Subjectivity, and the Public: Another Interpretation of Foucault’s 1978 and 1979’s Lectures
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본 연구는 신자유주의에서 어떻게 개인들이 통치하기 탁월한 가능한 존재가 되는가의 문제를 Michel Foucault의 1979년의 강의를 중심으로 풀어보려는 목적을 가지고 수행되었다. Foucault는 신자유주의의 특징을 개인들에게 최대한의 자유를 주고 또는 욕망의 실현을 약속해주면서 동시에 그것들의 지속적인 경제화, 상품화를 통해 그 실현을 무한히 연기할 수 있는, 또 그렇게 함으로써 개인들을 계속 통치의 대상으로 묶어두는 하나의 통치합리성을 의미하는 것으로 보고 있다. 여기서 개인들은 자유주의에서처럼 규율의 대상으로는 간주되고 있지 않고 외적으로 보면 자유롭게 행동하는 존재인 것처럼 보이지만 사실은 자본이나 정부가 조정할 수 있는 환경적 변수에 반응하는 수동적 존재에 불과한 것으로규정되고 있으며, 이를 Foucault는 신자유주의의 “환경유형적 개입”으로 일반화시킨다. 본 연구는 Foucault의 이와 같은 주장을 하는 배경이 되는 독일의 질서자유주의, 미국의시카고학파의 이론에 대한 심층적 탐구를 통해 그 의미를 분명히 한다. 또한 신자유주의가과연 공공성과 관련하여 어떤 역할을 하는지도 탐구될 것이다. 마지막으로 통치가 자유에필연적으로 의존하기 때문에 자유를 주체적으로 활용한다면 현재의 통치에 저항할 수 있는 가장 중요한 무기도 될 수 있다는 사실도 밝힐 것이다.
Abstract
This Study aims to explicate Michel Foucault’s argument concerning how neoliberal subjects are easier targets of government, largely based on his lectures at the Collège de France during 1978-79. Foucault saw neoliberalism as a type of governmental rationality, in which individuals are promised to be capable of realizing their desires while those desires are incessantly postponed as the intensity of economization and commodification in ever-growing fields of individuals’ lives increase. For Foucault, such a promised but incessantly postponed fulfillment of one’s freedom and desires constitutes one of the most important features of neoliberalism, making individuals in neoliberalism “eminently governable.” Individuals in neoliberalism can be seen to be relatively free from discipline and control, but, in fact, they are not less than passive subjects systematically responding to the environmental variables manipulated by both the government and business, and Foucault generalizes it as an environmental intervention of neoliberalism. This study, then, makes clear what environment means for Foucault by delving not only into the historical alterations of its meaning across several centuries in Europe, but also into the theoretical origins in both German ordo-liberallism and Chicago School economists. Despite the fact that Foucault rarely gave a clear-cut definition of environmental intervention in neoliberalism, this study suggests a new interpretation which argues that the kernel of intervention lies in desire and freedom. Lastly, the issue of shrinking importance of ‘the public’ in neoliberalism is tackled with a view of the possibility of counter-acting the current trend by utilizing the very weapon of neoliberalism.
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