인도상공회의소연합의 설립과 초기 활동에 관한 역사적 고찰(1927-1947)
A Historical Perspective on the Establishment of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and Its Initial Activities, 1927-1947
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본 연구는 영국 식민정부와 인도국민회의가 자리를 바꾸는 역사적 과도기에 해당하는 1927-1947년 기간을 중심으로 인도상공회의소연합의 설립과 초기 활동에 대해 고찰하였다. 이 기간 동안 인도상공회의소연합은 정치적·경제적 측면에서 다양한 활동을 수행하였으며, 이 과정에서 보여준 입장과 태도는 정치와 경제에 대한 정교한 인식과 전략에 기반을 두고 있었다. 즉 인도상공회의소연합은 인도 자본가들의 기득권과 이익을 대변하는 경제단체로서의 정체성을 유지하는 가운데, 식민정부와 인도국민회의 사이에서 균형적인 입장을 유지하면서 두 주체 사이를 중재하는 역할을 수행하였다. 인도상공회의소연합이 이 기간 동안 달성한 목표는 크게 세 가지로 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 인도국민회의가 주도하는 민족주의운동을 지원함으로써 자신들이 협소한 계급적 이익이 아니라 국익을 위해 노력하는 집단이라는 이미지를 구축하였다. 둘째, 인도국민회의로부터 얻어낸 정치적 지원을 통해 식민정부로부터 자신들의 요구에 대한 보다 즉각적인 반응을 이끌어 낼 수 있었다. 셋째, 앞에서 언급한 두 가지 목표를 달성함으로써 토착 상공업 부문의 경제적 이권을 수호하는 경제단체로서의 정체성을 강화해 나갔다. 결론적으로 인도상공회의소연합은 민족주의운동과 제국주의가 첨예하게 대립하고 사회주의 세력이 부상하던 시대적 상황 속에서 정치와 경제에 대한 정교한 인식과 전략을 가지고 적절히 대응하면서 경제단체로서의 정체성을 강화해 나갔으며, 이 과정에서 ‘계급’으로서의 지위를 스스로 획득하였다.
Abstract
This study attempts to describe and analyze the process of the emergence of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and its initial activities during the period of 1927 to 1947. In this transitional period from colonialism to Independence, FICCI had been primarily concerned with both political and economic issues of the time, and its comprehensive activities were based on politically conscious recognition and strategy. That is to say, while maintaining its primary identity as a business organization pursuing economic profits, FICCI also conceived its role as a mediator between the Indian National Congress and the British colonial government. As a result, FICCI had attained three important objects. First, while supporting the freedom struggle by financial assistance either directly to the Indian National Congress or indirectly to its leaders, FICCI had been seen as speaking in the interests of the Indian nation as a whole and not as pursuing their narrow class interests or putting class before the nation. Secondly, political support from the Indian National Congress and its leaders had granted FICCI a bargaining power in the negotiation process with the colonial government. Lastly, in the process of attaining the above two objects, FICCI could strengthen its identity as a guardian organization protecting the interests of the Indian business as a whole. Given this background, despite the growing popularity and strength of the Left stream within the nationalist movement, no programme was adopted that would involve the overthrow of capitalism. Consequently, FICCI had emerged as a politically conscious organization representing the interests of all-India business class. It reflects the maturity with which organized Indian business conducted for itself.
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