파키스탄 국기(國旗) 제정과정에 투영된 진나의 세속주의 국가 비전에 관한 연구
A Study on Jinnah's National Vision as Reflected in the Process of Creating the National Flag of Pakistan
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초록
본 연구에서는 1906년 전인도무슬림연맹이 출범하면서 채택했던 깃발이 1947년 8월 11일 제헌의회에서 파키스탄 국기로 채택되기까지의 일련의 역사적 과정을 살펴보았다. 오늘날 파키스탄에서 진나가 이슬람의 이름으로 파키스탄을 탄생시켰다고 알려진 것과는 달리 그는 파키스탄 독립 당시 무슬림이 다수인 세속적이고 진보적인 국가 건설을 열망하고 있었고 그러한 염원을 국가 상징물인 국기에 투영시키고자 했음을 알 수 있다. 진나는 독립 직전 전인도무슬림연맹 깃발에 흰색 세로줄을 추가하였는데 이는 한때 아이디어(idea)로만 존재했던 파키스탄이 현실이 되면서 발생한 심각한 문제, 특히 소수 집단에 대한 접근 방식과 관련하여 국가 지도자로서의 진지한 고민 끝에 내린 중대한 결정으로 볼 수 있다. 다시 말해, 그것은 파키스탄운동 과정에서 슬로건이었던 ‘두 국가 이론’을 폐기한다는 것을 상징하였으며, 파키스탄을 이슬람 국가가 아닌 무슬림이 다수를 차지하는 세속주의 국가로 건설하겠다는 열망의 상징이기도 하였다. 또한 그것은 그 자체로 이질적이고 분열적인 요소들로 가득했던 인도 무슬림 내부에서 소수로 분류되는 집단을 상징하는 것이기도 하였다. 그러나 독립 이후 1년 남짓 지난 시점에 찾아온 진나의 사망과 이미 독립 당시부터 진나가 제시한 세속주의적 국가 비전에 공개적으로 반대 입장을 드러냈던 이슬람 근본주의 세력의 급부상으로 인하여 진나가 그토록 열망했던 의회민주주의에 기반을 둔 세속주의 국가 파키스탄은 뿌리를 제대로 내리지 못하고 오늘날에 이르게 되었다. 민주주의의 위기와 이슬람 극단주의의 부상이 국가 이미지로 대표되는 오늘날의 파키스탄 사회가 지닌 본질을 제대로 이해하기 위해서는 진나가 남겨놓은 파키스탄 국기의 흰색 세로줄이 지닌 의미를 다각도에서 재해석할 필요성이 있어 보인다.
Abstract
This study examines the historical process by which the flag adopted by the All-India Muslim League at its inception in 1906 was adopted as the national flag of Pakistan by the Constituent Assembly on August 11, 1947. Contrary to the popular perception in Pakistan today that Jinnah created Pakistan in the name of Islam as a theocratic state, it is clear that at the time of Pakistan's independence, he aspired to build a secular and progressive Muslim-majority state and sought to reflect that aspiration in the national symbol, the national flag. Jinnah added a white vertical stripe to the flag of the All India Muslim League shortly before independence, which can be seen as a crucial decision made as a result of his serious consideration as a national leader. In other words, it symbolized the abandonment of the ‘two-nation theory’ that had been the slogan of the Pakistan movement. Secondly, it symbolized Pakistan's aspiration to build a secular and parliamentary democracy with a Muslim majority rather than an Islamic state. And finally, it symbolized a minority within Indian Muslims, a group that was itself full of disparate and divisive elements. However, Jinnah's early death, which came less than a year after independence, and the rise of Islamic fundamentalist forces that had already openly opposed many of his ideas from the beginning of independence, meant that the secularism that Jinnah aspired to would not take root in Pakistan. The meaning of white vertical stripe on the Pakistan national flag needs to be reinterpreted from different perspectives to understand the nature of Pakistan society today, where the crisis of democracy and the rise of Islamic extremism are represented in the country's national image.
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