동해안 마을어장의 변동과 별신굿의 사회적 기능

Abstract

In the eastern coastal areas, Byulsingut maintains a strong life among fishing villages. Byulsingut was a village-based Shamanistic ritual handed down over the years not only in fishing villages but also inland areas, and now the ‘Eastern Coastal Byulsingut’ recalls Shaman rituals of fishing villages. Because one Byulsingut ritual played somewhere from one night to one week and the cost could run into the tens of millions of Korean won, it played a great economic burden on the village. That is why the ritual of Byulsingut is mostly upheld in economically viable fishing villages. Since fishing village cooperatives were officially established in 1962, the numbers of villages where fishing village cooperatives conduct Byulsingut has been increasing. This study focused on fishing village cooperatives as the basis for the ritual of Byulsingut to be stably upheld, and to understand the relationship between the village fisheries where fishing village cooperatives are able to remain profitable while upholding Byulsingut rituals. It may seem that the village fisheries and Byulsingut have no direct relationship, but they share an intimate bond, as the village fishery is the financial source for Byulsingut. Changes in fishing society are occurred through the observation of fishing village cooperatives and how they were created and reinforced profits in village fisheries. The eastern coastal fishing villages adopted Jeju Haenyeo to increase weak shellfish collection for profit, seaweed rock owners’ Gesamteigentum of fisheries to use for fishing village cooperatives, and sea cultivation was expended for revenue enlargement. These profits all belong to the fishing village cooperatives, but as there are various issues such as problems between fishing village cooperatives and seaweed rock owners, problems between fishing village cooperatives and Haenyeo, and problems between members of fishing village cooperatives and non-members, there is ethical and social resistance for members of fishing village cooperatives to intact share their profits. In this complicated profit and loss relationship, Byulsingut is able to exist. Byulsingut demonstrates its function to settle and adjusts the conflicts in fishing society based on village fisheries. If the profit from village fisheries is shared only among members of fishing village cooperatives, the conflict will be widespread. But a portion is used for the village’s communal ceremonies to effectively resolve the conflict. That is why even Haenyeos, who might have complaints, consider that costs for fishery events are treated as costs for fishing rituals. Profit from the village fishery is shared through Byulsingut and this works toward adjusting social conflicts.