考古資料를 통해 본 加耶의 沿岸航路 - 港市(항시)國家論을 통해 -

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to restore the coastal routes that were formed along the southern coast through an analysis of the “Port state Theory” (港市(항시)國家論). Until now, research on the coastal routes along the southern coast has primarily focused on the historical and literary materials related to Baekje. However, upon examining archaeological evidence found in the southern coastal regions, it became evident that the lineage of these routes was concentrated in various Gaya regions, necessitating a reassessment. Therefore, defining the places where these foreign elements are concentrated as ‘Port Cities,’ the study explores the changing patterns through the “Port City State Theory” and examines the coastal routes and their significance. In summary, the content is as follows. First, the natural environment of the southern coast can be summarized as follows. Seasonal winds are influenced by the surrounding environment, resulting in the southeast winds during the summer and northwest winds during the winter. Tidal currents are significantly influenced by the Kuroshio (黒潮), a warm ocean current. Additionally, when considering the flow of sub-surface water, an east-to-west flow is observed during high tide, while a west-to-east flow is confirmed during low tide. Furthermore, an examination of the port cities along the southern coast was conducted through the “Port State Theory” (港市(항시)國家論). Upon a reevaluation of the theory, it was determined that port cities could be understood as pivotal centers for maritime trade. When examining the periods of port cities along the southern coast in detail, the first period (Ⅰ) is limited to the 3rd to 4th century BCE, confirmed only in the ancient Gimhae Bay area. The second period (Ⅱ) spans from the 4th century BCE to later times and is identified in various southern coastal areas, including the ancient Gimhae Bay, Masan Hyundong, Geoje Ajudong, Changnyeong Gyesung-ri, Yeosu Dunjeon, and Gwangyang Yonggang-ri Seokjeong site. The third period (Ⅲ) ranges from the 5th century BCE to the middle, indicating the continuous operation of port cities in the ancient Gimhae Bay area, along with a concentration of external elements in Yeosu Dunjeon, Jugrim-ri Chadong site, and other places. After the fourth period (Ⅳ) starting from the 5th century CE, there is no confirmation of Gaya's port cities. Through the analysis of the aforementioned results, it was possible to establish coastal routes formed in the Gaya region along the southern coast and derive the inherent historical significance. Prior to setting up coastal routes, despite changes in the excavation patterns of various archaeological materials, the continuous operation of major port cities suggests the persistent utilization of these routes. Consequently, coastal routes were established by considering both the geographical environment and the existence of port cities. Finally, an examination of the historical significance of Gaya's port cities and the coastal routes formed around them was undertaken.