BBC 자율성의 제도적 기원: 공사(public corporation) 조직의 역사적 형성을 중심으로
The Institutional Origins of Autonomy of the BBC: With Emphasis on the Historical Formation of Public Corporation
0
조회
0
다운로드
8
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 논문은 BBC의 자율성(autonomy)이 어디에서 유래하는 것인지 그 제도적 기원을 탐색한 것이다. 주식회사 BBC는 크로포드위원회(Crawford Committee)의 건의에 의해 공사로 전환되었지만 그 법제적 틀은 이미 19세기 이전부터 영국의 행정부처 외곽에서 자율성을 갖고 독립적으로 운영돼 오던 다양한 형태의 특임 기구(ad hoc bodies)에서 마련되었다. 이러한 제도적 전통은 근대 영국의 정치체계가 체계적 사고에 의해 발전되지 못하고 문제가 발생할 때마다 사안별로 대처 기구를 만들어 대응한 관행에서 유래한다. 자율적 특임기구의 전통은 1차 대전 직후 영국이 낙후된 산업을 부흥시키기 위해 국유화를 추진하면서 의회와 행정부의 감독으로부터 운영의 자율성을 부여받은 조직을 설립하는 데 영향을 미쳤다. 이 조직이 오늘날 공사로 알려진 public corporation이다. 주식회사 BBC는 1920년대 당시의 이러한 시대적 맥락에서 공사화되었다. BBC의 자율성은 방송이 공공서비스로 정착되는 과정에서 특별한 제도적 배려를 받은 결과이기도 하지만 그것은 동시에 근대 영국 행정체계의 분산적, 권한 위임적 전통과 산업 국유화의 추진기구로 채택된 공사의 조직적 특성에서 유래한다. 당시 영국의 의회, 정부, BBC의 역학관계에서 드러난 자율성과 책무성(accountability) 문제는 오늘날 공영방송의 거버넌스 논의에서 여전히 중요한 이슈이다.
Abstract
The present research traced the institutional origins of autonomy of the BBC. While the British Broadcasting Company was converted into a public corporation in 1926 by the recommendations of the Crawford Committee, the institutional origins of public corporation date back to the earlier centuries in the modern Britain where a host of ad hoc bodies had operated independently of the central and local governments. Such numerous semi-autonomous bodies grew out of the British political practices that had relied on piecemeal ad hoc approach to solving administrative needs rather than on systematic theories and methods. This tradition of ad hoc administration had later served as an antecedent to the formation of public corporations which were created by the British government as instruments to nationalize industries and social services after the First World War. The British Broadcasting Company was converted into a public corporation in such a political and economic context. While the autonomy of the BBC was granted by the government in consideration of the unique public character of the medium, the present research argues that the centuriesold British political culture of distributed governance and the relative freedom of operation given to the public corporations for their efficient management also contributed to its conversion. The debate among the British parliament, government and the broadcaster over autonomy and accountability at the time of the transformation of the BBC is still relevant to the current discussion on the democratic governance of public service broadcasting.
참고문헌 (66)
- 가정준, "영미법상 법인의 권리능력과 행위능력에 대한 고찰 -Ultra Vires Doctrine을 중심으로-", 민사법학, (48), pp.35~57 (2010), 한국민사법학회
- 박경희, "우리나라 항만관리의 포트 오소리티 체제로의 전환에 관한 연구", 박사, 해운경영학, pp.2001
- 박영희, "공기업론" (2014), 다산출판사
- 배용수, "공기업론" (2010), 법문사
- 이병태, "법률용어사전" (2011), 법문북스
- 이종수, "행정학사전" (2009), 대영문화사
- 李濬成, "公益信託에 관한 연구", 박사, 법학, pp.1992
- 이창근, "주권재민 원칙을 구현하는 공영방송사의 민주적 거버넌스 구축을 위한 탐색", 미디어 경제와 문화, 7(1), pp.149~200 (2009), (재)에스비에스문화재단
- 이창근, "공영방송의 공공 가치 개념에 대한 이론적 검토", 언론과 사회, 21(1), pp.74~135 (2013), 사단법인 언론과 사회
- 정수영, "공영방송의 어카운터빌리티(Accountability)에 관한 규범론(Normative Theory)적 고찰 : 애넌보고서(1977)와 영국 BBC에 대한 논의를 중심으로", 한국방송학보, 26(1), pp.198~237 (2012), 한국방송학회
- 최성두, "현정부 항만공사(PA) 설립방안의 문제점 평가", 지방정부연구, 6(3), pp.155~168 (2002), 한국지방정부학회
- Burns, T., "The BBC: Public institution and private world" (1977), Macmillan
- Briggs, A., "The history of broadcasting in the United Kingdom. Vol.1, The birth of broadcasting" (1961), Oxford University Press
- "Public Bodies: A guide for departments. Chapter 2: policy and characteristics of a public body" (2006)[URL]
- "Categories of public bodies: A guide for departments" (2012)[URL]
- Review of the administrative classification of public bodies within the United Kingdom: Discussion paper, "Cabinet Office", ~ (2014)
- Chester, D., "Public corporation and the classification of administrative bodies", Political Studies, 1(1), pp.34~52 (1953)
- Coase, R., "British broadcasting: A study in monopoly" (1950), Longmans, Green & Co
- Coppens, T., "Enforcing performance: New approaches to govern public service broadcasting", Media, culture & society, 28(2), pp.262~284 (2006)
- Dalton, H., "Practical socialism in Britain" (1935), Routledge
- de Neuman, A., "Some economic aspects of nationalization", Law and Contemporary Problems, 16(4), pp.702~751 (1951)
- Flinders, M., "The enduring centrality of individual ministerial responsibility within the British constitution", The Journal of Legislative Studies, 6(3), pp.73~92 (2000)
- Flinders, M., "Shrinking the quango state: Five challenges in reforming quangos", Public Money & Management, 32(5), pp.327~334 (2012)
- Flinders, M., "Bonfires and barbecues : Coalition governance and the politics of quango reform", Contemporary British History, 28(1), pp.56~80 (2014)
- Friedmann, W., "The legal status and organization of the public corporation", Law and Contemporary Problems, 16(4), pp.576~593 (1951)
- Friedmann, W., "Government enterprise: A comparative study", pp.303~336 (1970), Columbia University Press
- Garner, B., "Black’s law dictionary" (2014), Thomson West
- Garner, J., "Government enterprise: A comparative study", pp.3~25 (1970), Columbia University Press
- Gordon, L., "Public enterprise:Development in social ownership and control", pp.13~57 (1937), George Allen & Unwin, Ltd
- Gordon, L., "Public corporation in Great Britain" (1938), Oxford University Press
- Greenleaf, W., "The British political tradition. Vol. II., The ideological heritage" (1983), Routledge
- Greenleaf, W., "The British political tradition. Part 1, Vol III., A much governed nation" (1987), Routledge
- Horner, L., "Deliberative democracy and the role of public managers: Final report of the Work Foundation’s public value consortium" (2006), Work Foundation
- "Parliamentary Questions, HC-622 2001-02" (2002)[URL]
- A public BBC, First Report of Session 2004, "2005, Volume I", House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee, 2004
- The Review of the BBC’s Royal Charter, 1st Report of Session 2005, "2006, Volume I", House of Lords select committee on the BBC’s Charter Review, 2005
- Jarvis, A., "The members of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board and their way of doing business, 1858-1905", International Journal of Maritime History, 6(1), pp.123~139 (1994)
- Jarvis, A., "Maintaining the trust : The Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, 1858-1972", The Mariner’s Mirror, 94(4), pp.432~445 (2008)
- Mair, J., "Is the BBC in crisis?" (2014), Abramis
- Keynes, J., "The end of laissez-faire (1926)" (1926), Hogarth Press
- Liberal Industrial Inquiry, "Britain’s industrial future being the report of the Liberal Industrial Inquiry" (1928), E. Benn ltd. Routledge
- Lowe, G., "The public in public service media" (2009), Nordicom
- Mill, J., "Considerations on representative government" (2008), Serenity Publishers
- Millward, R., "The rise and fall of state-owned enterprise in the western world", pp.157~184 (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Mountfield, S., "Western gateway: A history of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board" (1965), University of Liverpool Press
- Norris, P., "Democratic deficit: Critical citizens revisited" (2011), Cambridge University Press
- O’Brien, T., "British experiments in public ownership and control: A study of the Central Electricity Board, British Broadcasting Corporation, London Passenger Transport Board" (1938), W. W. Norton & Company, Inc
- Ostergaarii, G., "Labour and the development of the public corporation", The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies, 22(2), pp.192~226 (1954)
- Paulu, B., "Television and radio in the United Kingdom" (1981), University of Minnesota Press
- PMG., "Wireless Broadcasting License", Cmd, (1822) (1923), HMSO
- Reith, J., "Broadcast over Britain" (1924), Hodder and Stoughton Limited
- Reith, J., "Into the wind" (1949), Hodder & Stoughton Limited
- Pigou, A., "The economics of welfare" (1920), Macmillan
- Robson, W., "Public enterprise: Development in social ownership and control" (1937), George Allen & Unwin, Ltd
- Robson, W., "The public corporation in Britain today", Harvard Law Review, 63(1321) (1950)
- Robson, W., "Problems of nationalized industry" (1952), Oxford University Press
- Royal Charter, "Wireless Broadcasting. Cmd. 2756" (1926), HMSO
- Schlesinger, P., "Putting “reality” together: BBC news" (1978), Constable
- Seaton, J., "Power without responsibility:Press, broadcasting in Britain", pp.109~236 (1997), Routledge
- Smith, M., "The BBC : A pioneer public corporation", Public Administration, 56(1), pp.25~34 (1978)
- Street, A., "British government since 1918", pp.157~193 (1950), George Allen & Unwin
- The Crawford Committee, "Report of The Broadcasting Committee", Cmd, 1925(2599) (1926), HMSO
- Toninelli, P., "The rise and fall of the state-owned enterprise in the western world" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Webb, S., "English local government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act. vol. 4. Statutory authorities for special purposes" (1922), Longmans
- Williams, R., "Television: Technology and cultural form" (1974), Fontana
- Willson, F., "Ministers and boards: Some aspects of administrative development since 1832", Public Administraion, 33(1), pp.43~58 (1955)