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붓다는 왜 머리를 깎지 않았는가? －인도 초기 불상의 머리 조형에 관하여

Why Did the Buddha Not Shave His Head? Portrayals of the Buddha’s Head in the Early Phase of Buddhist Art in India

이주형
불교학연구회 (Korean Association of Buddhist Studies)|2023.09|불교학연구 (Korea Journal of Buddhist Studies)|제76권 |pp. 1-34|DOI 10.21482/jbs.76..202309.1

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참고문헌

키워드

Indian Buddhismhair불상Buddha image인도 불교우슈니샤(uṣṇīṣa)육계(肉髻)나발(螺髮)보살상의 시대uṣṇīṣasnail-shell curlsthe period of bodhisattva images
주제분류불교학

초록

불상 조성의 역사에서 초기(대체로 기원후 1-3세기)에 만들어진 불상(붓다의 상)과 관련하여 가장 큰 의문 가운데 하나는 어째서 붓다가 체발을 하고 있지 않은가 하는 점이다. 이 논문은 이 의문에 대한 해명을 시도한다. 초기의 불상이 커다란 상투를 틀고 있는 것은 불교미술사에서 최초의 불상이라는 것이 실은 보살의 상으로 만들어졌기 때문이다. 세속을 떠나며 터번을 벗고 커다란 상투를 드러낸 보살의 상이 붓다의 상으로 이어지면서 커다란 상투라는 도상적인 특징도 계승된 것이다. 붓다가 머리를 잘랐다는 점을 의식하여 불상의 상투만을 잘라서 표현하려는 시도가 2세기 전반 간다라에서 이루어지기도 했다. 카니슈카의 금화에서 머리 윗부분에 보이는 나발 모양의 머리카락이 이 점을 보여준다. 또한 이러한 머리 모양은 이미 이 시기에 붓다의 머리에 정수리가 솟아 있다는 생각이 존재했음을 알려준다. 3세기에 들어서서 인도 본토의 마투라와 아마라바티에서는 붓다의 머리 전면을 나발로 표현하게 되었다. 그러나 간다라에서는 커다란 상투와 파상문으로 표현된 긴 머리카락을 선호하였다. 반면 마투라와 아마라바티에서 전면적으로 등장한 나발 표현은 그 뒤 불상에서 표준적인 형식으로 자리 잡았다. 하지만 나발 표현은 인도 전통에서 유래한 것이라기보다 서방 지중해 세계의 전통에 맥이 닿아 있다. 한편 체발이 아닌 나발이 허용될 수 있었던 것은 당시 불교 승려들이 머리를 완전히 체발하지 않고 일정 길이까지, 혹은 일정 기간 기를 수 있었던 점에 연유한다.

Abstract

One of the most tantalizing mysteries in the early phase of Buddhist art is why the Buddha’s head is not shaved in the earliest images of the Buddha. The so-called Buddha images of the earliest phase from Gandhāra and Mathurā invariably bear large topknots on their heads. The reason for this anomaly is that they were initially created as representations of Śākyamuni as a bodhisattva—that is, as a practitioner in the pre-enlightenment stage. Prince Siddhārtha is said to have taken off his turban and other hair adornments when he renounced the secular life. The visualization of Śākyamuni in this form apparently inspired the creation of the iconographic types of the bodhisattva in Swat (Gandhāra) and Mathurā, which show large topknots on the heads. When Buddha images in the proper sense were first created in Gandhāra, the large topknot was kept to ensure iconographic continuity from the earlier bodhisattva images. Considerations regarding the aesthetic and symbolic advantages of keeping long hair must also have played a role. Buddhists in Gandhāra were conscious of the problem of the topknot remaining on the Buddha’s head. Thus, they tried to cut the hair on the upper part of the head and render it as snail-shell curls in some Buddha images made during the second century. However, in the majority of Buddha images created in Gandhāra, the long hair and the large topknot continued to be favored. In contrast, Buddhists in India proper, especially in Mathurā and Amarāvatī, adopted snail-shell curls covering the entire head beginning in the third century, and this became a standard throughout virtually the entire Buddhist world.

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