발우(鉢盂)의 유전(流轉) ― 인도 불교미술의 불발(佛鉢) 경배 ―
The Fate of a Bowl (or Bowls): Representations of the Buddha’s Bowl and Early Indian Buddhism
1
조회
0
다운로드
12
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The veneration of a bowl is one of the most common themes in Gandharan relief carvings. Especially, it is frequently visible on the pedestals of Buddha and Bodhisattva images. Based on the accounts of the Buddha’s life, Alfred Foucher suggested long ago that the bowl was one that the Buddha purportedly had created through the merger of four bowls presented by the Four Heavenly Kings when he was first served food by two merchants, Trapusa and Bhallika after enlightenment. More recently, Kuwayama Shoshin vigorously pursued the subject in a series of works and clarified many important details regarding the incident. Particularly, he drew our attention to the accounts in two sources preserved in Chinese, the Mamingpusazhuan and the Fufazang yinyuan zhuan, which state that the bowl was brought to Peshawar by a Little Yuezhi king or King Kanishka from a city in Middle India or Pataliputra. The historicity of the transportation of the bowl from Middle India by a Little Yuezhi king or Kanishka may not be given full credibility because it could have been a later elaboration for justifying the authenticity of the bowl in the two pseudo-historical sources that were supposedly translated into Chinese as late as the fourth to the fifth centuries. Yet most of Gandhāran representations of the veneration of a bowl would roughly fall into the second and third centuries, a period approximately corresponding to the second Kushana dynasty that started with the accession of Kanishka. In any case, it seems that the distinctive prevalence of the theme in Gandharan art cannot be explained without taking into consideration the presence of the bowl in Peshawar as a prized – and probably the most celebrated – relic of the Buddha for Gandharan Buddhists. While Kuwayama counted forty-seven examples from Gandhara and the number would be easily expanded with more extensive search, representations of the bowl are extremely rare outside the region. This may be understandable, given that the worship of the bowl was a tradition strongly localized in Gandhara, and perhaps Buddhists in other regions did not pay much attention to the claim in the far Northwest. From contemporary Mathura we have merely a few extant examples. Although this obviously looks an insignificant number, they raise interesting problems as regards the tradition of the Buddha’s bowl in visual and literary sources. Focusing on these examples from Mathura, this paper explores the conception of the locality of the Buddha's bowl in India proper and its significance in early Indian Buddhism.
Abstract
The veneration of a bowl is one of the most common themes in Gandharan relief carvings. Especially, it is frequently visible on the pedestals of Buddha and Bodhisattva images. Based on the accounts of the Buddha’s life, Alfred Foucher suggested long ago that the bowl was one that the Buddha purportedly had created through the merger of four bowls presented by the Four Heavenly Kings when he was first served food by two merchants, Trapusa and Bhallika after enlightenment. More recently, Kuwayama Shoshin vigorously pursued the subject in a series of works and clarified many important details regarding the incident. Particularly, he drew our attention to the accounts in two sources preserved in Chinese, the Mamingpusazhuan and the Fufazang yinyuan zhuan, which state that the bowl was brought to Peshawar by a Little Yuezhi king or King Kanishka from a city in Middle India or Pataliputra. The historicity of the transportation of the bowl from Middle India by a Little Yuezhi king or Kanishka may not be given full credibility because it could have been a later elaboration for justifying the authenticity of the bowl in the two pseudo-historical sources that were supposedly translated into Chinese as late as the fourth to the fifth centuries. Yet most of Gandhāran representations of the veneration of a bowl would roughly fall into the second and third centuries, a period approximately corresponding to the second Kushana dynasty that started with the accession of Kanishka. In any case, it seems that the distinctive prevalence of the theme in Gandharan art cannot be explained without taking into consideration the presence of the bowl in Peshawar as a prized – and probably the most celebrated – relic of the Buddha for Gandharan Buddhists. While Kuwayama counted forty-seven examples from Gandhara and the number would be easily expanded with more extensive search, representations of the bowl are extremely rare outside the region. This may be understandable, given that the worship of the bowl was a tradition strongly localized in Gandhara, and perhaps Buddhists in other regions did not pay much attention to the claim in the far Northwest. From contemporary Mathura we have merely a few extant examples. Although this obviously looks an insignificant number, they raise interesting problems as regards the tradition of the Buddha’s bowl in visual and literary sources. Focusing on these examples from Mathura, this paper explores the conception of the locality of the Buddha's bowl in India proper and its significance in early Indian Buddhism.
참고문헌 (105)
- "쿠샨시대 마투라 보살상의 몇 가지 유형", 16, pp.401~16 417 (2000)
- "아프가니스탄, 잃어버린 문명" (2004), 사회평론
- "한글대장경 大唐西域記" (1999), 동국역경원
- "中國佛敎史 제4권" (1990), 東京大學出判會
- "展望アジアの考古學", pp.598~607 (1983)
- "カピシ＝ガンダラ史硏究" (1990), 京都大學 人文科學硏究所
- "ラリタヴィスタラの硏究 제1권" (1993), 大東出版社
- "The Art of Afghanistan" (1968), Artia
- "The Races of Afghanistan being a brief account of the principal nations inhabiting that country" (1880)
- "Sculpture in the Government Museum and Art Gallery" (2002), Chandigarh
- "The Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati and Jaggayapeta in the Krishna District Madras Presidency Surveyed in 1882" (1887), Trbner & Co
- "History of Indian and Indonesian Art"
- "Sculptures from Mathura Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts 25"
- "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society", pp.815~841 (1928)
- ".Kushan Sculpture:Images from Early India" (1986), Cleveland Museum of Art
- "Sculptures from the Sacred Area of Butkara I" (1964)
- "The Kanika Era in Gupta Records", 10, pp.167~176 (2004)
- "The Yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the Era of the Kuas", 7, pp.121~135 (2001)
- "Tree and Serpent Worship" (1873)
- "Ancient Geography of Gandhara"
- "The Mahvasa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon" (1912), Pali Text Society
- "trans. Lalitavistara" (2001), Kolkata: The Asiatic Society
- "Kushna Sculptures from Sanghol" (1985)
- "A Key to Mathur’s Cultural Self-Perception American Institute of Indian Studies", (rvin), pp.223~235 (1989)
- "Gandhran Art in Pakistan" (1957)
- "Buddhist Art of Pakistan and Afghanistan: The Royal Ontario Museum Collection of Gandhara Sculpture" (2003)
- "The Buddha’s Bowl in Gandhra and Relevant Problems", pp.945~978 (1990)
- "In Aspects of Indian Art", pp.27~43 (1972)
- "The Great Temple at Bodh-Gay", pp.283~286 (1958)
- ".Once Upon a Future Time:Studies in a Buddhist Prophecy of Decline" (1991), Asian Humanities Press
- ".The Peaceful Liberators:Jain Art from India" (1994), Los Angeles County Museum of Art
- "From Bodhisattva to Buddha The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art", pp.207~225 (1994)
- "Images, Relics, and Jewels: The Assimilation of Images in the Buddhist Relic Cult of Gandhra―or Vice Versa", 65(2), pp.169~170 (2005)
- "The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans" (1967), University of California Press
- "Buddhist Art" (1995), Mathura School. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Limited
- "The Story of the Buddha's Begging Bowl: Imagining a Biography and Sacred Places", pp.68~107 (2003), University of British Columbia Press
- "Amaravati Sculptures in the Madras Government Museum", Government Press
- "The Jain Stpa and Other Antiquities of Mathur" (1901), Vincent
- "Relics of the Buddha" (2004), Princeton University Press
- "Mathur Set of Amagala American Institute of Indian Studies", pp.236~246 (1989)
- "A Catalogue of the Gandhran Sculpture in the British Museum. 2 vols" (1996), London: British Museum
- "A Catalogue of the Gandhran Sculpture in the British Museum. 2 vols" (1996), London: British Museum
- "根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事"
- "大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳"
- "馬鳴菩薩傳"
- "方廣大莊嚴經"
- "付法藏因緣傳"
- "佛本行集經"
- "修行本起經"
- "太子瑞應本起經"
- Halle A. S, "Lalitavistara" (1902)
- Mahvastu, "Le Mahvastu", 3 (1897), Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
- Mlasarvstivdavinaya-saghabhedavastu, "The Gilgit Manuscript of the Saghabhedavastu", 2 (1977), Rome: IsMEO
- "Nidanakath", 1 (1877), London: Pali Text Society
- 이주형, "쿠샨시대 마투라 보살상의 몇 가지 유형", 16, pp.401~417 (2000)
- 이주형, "아프가니스탄, 잃어버린 문명" (2004), 사회평론
- 동국역경원, "한글대장경 高僧傳 外" (1998), 동국역경원
- 동국역경원, "한글대장경 大唐西域記" (1999), 동국역경원
- 鎌田茂雄, "中國佛敎史", 4 (1990), 東京: 東京大學出判會
- 桑山正進, "カピシ＝ガンダラ史硏究" (1990), 京都: 京都大學 人文科學硏究所
- 白鳥庫吉, "1917; 西域史硏究", 상, pp.377~462 (1941), 東京: 岩波書店
- 外幸一, "ラリタヴィスタラの硏究", 1 (1993), 東京: 大東出版社
- 吳承洛, "中國度量衡史" (1984)
- Auboyer, Jeannine, "The Art of Afghanistan" (1968), Prague: Artia
- Bellew, H.W, "The Races of Afghanistan, being a brief account of the principal nations inhabiting that country" (1880), Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, and Co.
- Bhattacharyya, D.C, "Sculpture in the Government Museum and Art Gallery" (2002), Chandigarh. Chandigarh
- Burgess, Jas, "The Buddhist Stupas of Amaravati and Jaggayapeta in the Krishna District, Madras Presidency Surveyed in 1882" (1996), New Delhi: ASI
- Caroe, Olaf, "The Pathans, 550 B.C.A.D." (1958), Oxford: Oxford University
- Coomaraswamy, Ananda K, "History of Indian and Indonesian Art" (1965), New York: Dover
- Coomaraswamy, Ananda K, "Sculptures from Mathura", 25(150) (1927)
- Coomaraswamy, Ananda K, "The Buddha’s ca, Hair, Ua, and Crown", pp.815~841 (1928)
- Czuma, Stanislaw, "Kushan Sculpture: Images from Early India" (1986), Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art
- Faccenna, Domenico, "Sculptures from the Sacred Area of Butkara", I (1964), Rome: IsMEO
- Falk, Harry, "The Kanika Era in Gupta Records", 10, pp.167~176 (2004)
- Falk, Harry, "The Yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the Era of the Kuas", 7, pp.121~135 (2001)
- Fergusson, James, "Tree and Serpent Worship" (1995), London: India Museum
- Foucher, Alfred, "L’Art grco-bouddhique du Gandhra" (1905), Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
- Foucher, Alfred, "Ancient Geography of Gandhara" (1974)
- Franoise, Wang-Toutain, "Le bol du Buddha: Propagation du bouddhisme et lgitimit politique", 81(ise), pp.59~82 (1994)
- Geiger, Wilhelm, "The Mahvasa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon" (1912), London: Pali Text Society
- Ghosh, A, "Jaina Art and Architecture", 1 (1974), New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith
- Goswami, Bijoya, "Kolkata: The Asiatic Society" (2001)
- Gupta, S.P, "Kushna Sculptures from Sanghol (1st2nd Century A.D.)" (1985), New Delhi: National Museum
- Hein, Norvin, "Klayavana, A Key to Mathur’s Cultural Self-Perception", pp.223~235 (1989), New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Ingholt, Harald, "Gandhran Art in Pakistan" (1957), New York: Pantheon Books
- Jongeward, David, "Buddhist Art of Pakistan and Afghanistan: The Royal Ontario Museum Collection of Gandhara Sculpture" (2003)
- Kuwayama, Shshin, "The Buddha’s Bowl in Gandhra and Relevant Problems", 1987, pp.945~978 (1990), Rome: IsMEO
- Lvi, Sylvain, "Kanika et Stavhana" (1936)
- Lohuizen-de-Leeuw, J.E. van, "Gandhra and Mathur: Their Cultural Relationship", pp.27~43 (1972), Leiden: E.J. Brill
- Malandra, Geri, "The Mahabodhi Temple", pp.9~28 (1988), Bombay: Mrg Publications
- Maspero, Henri, "Sur le date et l’authenticit du Fou fa tsang yin yuan tchouan", pp.129~149 (1911)
- Myer, Prudence, "The Great Temple at Bodh-Gay", 40(4), pp.283~286 (1958)
- Nattier, Jan, "Once Upon a Future Time: Studies in a Buddhist Prophecy of Decline" (1991), Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press
- Pal, Pratapaditya, "The Peaceful Liberators: Jain Art from India" (1994), Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art
- Rhi, Juhyung, "From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art", 54(3, pp.4) (1994), 207~225
- Rhi, Juhyung, "Images, Relics, and Jewels: The Assimilation of Images in the Buddhist Relic Cult of Gandhra―or Vice Versa", 65(2), pp.169~170 (2005)
- Rosenfield, John, "The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans" (1967), Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
- Sharma, R.C, "Buddhist Art, Mathura School" (1995), New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Limited
- Shinohara, Koichi, "The Story of the Buddha's Begging Bowl: Imagining a Biography and Sacred Places", pp.68~107 (2003), Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press
- Sivaramamurti, C, "Amaravati Sculptures in the Madras Government Museum" (1977), Madras: Government Press
- Smith, Vincent, "The Jain Stpa and Other Antiquities of Mathur" (1901), Allahabad
- Strong, John, "Relics of the Buddha" (2004), Princeton: Princeton University Press
- Vogel, J.Ph, "La sculpture de Mathur" (1930), Paris and Brussels: G. van Oest
- Wayman, Alex, "Mathur Set of Amagala (Eight Auspicious Symbols) in Early and Later Times", pp.236~246 (1989), New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
- Zwalf, Wladimir, "A Catalogue of the Gandhran Sculpture in the British Museum", 2 (1996), London: British Museum