간다라 초기 불상의 한 양상
An Early Aspect of Buddha Images from Gandhāra
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In a paper published in 2018 I discussed the chronological positions of four dated Buddha images of unknown eras from Gandhāra in relation to major visual (or stylistic) types of Buddha images in Gandhāran art I identified in another earlier paper. Among the four, a stele of Indraśailaguhā from Mamāne Ḍherī of the year 89 and a standing Buddha from Hashtnagar (Pālāṭū Ḍherī) near Charssada of the year 384, which both belong to Type III in my grouping, are datable to 216 and 209 CE respectively and represent the most productive period in Gandhāran sculpture, while a triad of the year 5 in a private collection in Japan, which is identifiable as Type II, could be placed around 232 CE. This paper examines what went ahead before this period in the making of Buddha images in Gandhāra. Beginning with Buddhas carved on gold and copper coins of Kaniṣka, this paper explores their parallels or related examples in extant Buddha images. Especially notable is the peculiar rendering of the uṣṇīṣa in the form of snail-shell curls of the Buddha in one of the gold coins. A Buddha head in the Asian Art Museum in Berlin shows a uṣṇīṣa in a similar form, and a standing Buddha in the same collection has an identical face with the head, though the uṣṇīṣa is different. Both Buddhas have mustaches in distinctive shapes. A number of Buddha images that can be linked to these two Berlin Buddhas are found in broad areas from the Kabul valley in the west to Taxila in the east and Butkara of Swat in the north. One of the Buddha images carved on the Bīmarān reliquary exhibits similar features and is perhaps the earliest extant example of this type. Buddha images of this distinctive type seem to have been made during the first and second centuries CE and mark an early phase of the imagery of the Buddha in Greater Gandhāra.
Abstract
In a paper published in 2018 I discussed the chronological positions of four dated Buddha images of unknown eras from Gandhāra in relation to major visual (or stylistic) types of Buddha images in Gandhāran art I identified in another earlier paper. Among the four, a stele of Indraśailaguhā from Mamāne Ḍherī of the year 89 and a standing Buddha from Hashtnagar (Pālāṭū Ḍherī) near Charssada of the year 384, which both belong to Type III in my grouping, are datable to 216 and 209 CE respectively and represent the most productive period in Gandhāran sculpture, while a triad of the year 5 in a private collection in Japan, which is identifiable as Type II, could be placed around 232 CE. This paper examines what went ahead before this period in the making of Buddha images in Gandhāra. Beginning with Buddhas carved on gold and copper coins of Kaniṣka, this paper explores their parallels or related examples in extant Buddha images. Especially notable is the peculiar rendering of the uṣṇīṣa in the form of snail-shell curls of the Buddha in one of the gold coins. A Buddha head in the Asian Art Museum in Berlin shows a uṣṇīṣa in a similar form, and a standing Buddha in the same collection has an identical face with the head, though the uṣṇīṣa is different. Both Buddhas have mustaches in distinctive shapes. A number of Buddha images that can be linked to these two Berlin Buddhas are found in broad areas from the Kabul valley in the west to Taxila in the east and Butkara of Swat in the north. One of the Buddha images carved on the Bīmarān reliquary exhibits similar features and is perhaps the earliest extant example of this type. Buddha images of this distinctive type seem to have been made during the first and second centuries CE and mark an early phase of the imagery of the Buddha in Greater Gandhāra.
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