도상학은 정말 중요한가? :밀교 출현 이전 불상의 존명 규정/판별에 관하여
Does Iconography Really Matter? :The Iconographic Specification of Buddha Images in Pre-Esoteric Buddhist Art
0
조회
0
다운로드
15
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
놀랍게도 불상은 존명의 판별이 쉽지 않다. 특히 밀교 이전의 불교미술에서 이것은 보편적인 현상이다. 이 논문은 인도의 사례를 중심으로 그러한 현상을 살펴보고, 그 이유를 해명하고자 한다. 이를 통해 불교미술에서 도상학의 효용에 대해 논한다.
Abstract
Identifying various divinities in visual images is a major preoccupationsforBuddhistartspecialists. The task is sometimes quite straightforward but sometimes not as simple due to inconsistency of visual evidence or its incongruence with literary prescriptions or the lack of enough specificity. Its difficulty also often varies in different classes of divinities. Minor deities are in general more readily identifiable for their idiosyncratic appearances. Bodhisattvas are often distinguishable for their special attributes but equally often pose problems. However, Buddhas are more difficult and more complex in identification, paradoxically due to its lack of complexity in appearance. They generally look alike despite minor differences, which are rarely indicative of different identities. Art history students may be taught the possibility of distinguishing Buddhas according to hand gestures or attendant figures, but this method in fact works in a limited range of instances. In reality, Buddhas were made in indistinguishable shapes throughout most regions in the Buddhist world especially in the pre-esoteric period. My paper today will explore this phenomenon in India, especially focusing on Gandhara, and attempt to seek its ramifications for understanding the significance of Buddha images in India.
참고문헌 (95)
- "長阿含經", ~
- "增一阿含經", ~
- "普曜經", ~
- "方廣大莊嚴經", ~
- "雜寶藏經", ~
- "道行般若經", ~
- "華嚴不思議佛境界分", ~
- "大寶積經 無量壽如來會", ~
- "大寶積經 賢護長者會", ~
- "須摩提菩薩經", ~
- "須摩提菩薩經", ~
- "須摩提經", ~
- "離垢施女經", ~
- "得無垢女經", ~
- "無量壽經", ~
- "無量淸淨平等覺經", ~
- "阿彌陀三耶三佛薩樓佛檀過度人道經", ~
- "觀無量壽經", ~
- "般舟三昧經", ~
- "賢劫經", ~
- "觀彌勒菩薩上生兜率天經", ~
- "彌勒下生經", ~
- "彌勒大成佛經", ~
- "正法念處經", ~
- "菩提資糧論", ~
- "The Dı¯gha Nika¯ya, T. W. Rhys Davids and Estin Carpenter 교정본" (1903), Pali Text Society
- "Dialogues of the Buddha, T. W. and C. A. F. Rhys Davids 영역본" (1910), Pali Text Society
- Buddhavamsa, N. A, "Jayawickrama 교정본" (1974), Pali Text Society
- Buddhavamsa, B. C., "Law 영역본" (1938), Pali Text Society
- 강희정, "중국 남북조시대 ‘生天’ 願望 금동불에 보이는 ‘天’의 개념", 미술사와 시각문화, 2, pp.84~107 (2004)
- 강희정, "보드가야(1): 불교유적, in 동아시아 구법승과 인도의 불교유적", pp.201~238 (2009), 사회평론
- 이주형, "인도 불교 문헌과 미술에 보이는 <제석굴 삼매", 설법>, 2009, pp.14, 109~140[DOI]
- 이주형, "보드가야 항마성도상의 전사(前史)–불전미술의 〈항마(降魔)〉 서사(敍事)와 촉지인 불상의 탄생", 시각문화의 전통과 해석–靜齋 金理那 敎授 정년퇴임기념 미술사논문집, pp.53~82 (2007), 예경
- 李柱亨, "간다라 佛像과 舍利 奉安", 중앙아시아연구, 9, pp.129~159 (2004), 중앙아시아학회
- 이주형, "간다라미술" (2003), 사계절
- 이주형, "인도 초기 불교미술의 불상관(佛像觀)", 미술사학, 5, pp.107~108 (2001)
- 이주형, "간다라 미술과 대승불교", 미술자료, 57, pp.131~166 (1996)
- 이주형, "간다라 불교사원의 조상(造像)봉안(奉安)양식(樣式)과 그 의미–봉안 장소를 중심으로–", 미술사연구, 8, pp.157~198 (1994)
- 최경희, "도상학의 종말 혹은 또 다른 시작?: 서양 중세미술을 중심으로 본 도상해석학의 연구동향", 미술사와 시각문화, 9(9), pp.222~271 (2010), 미술사와 시각문화학회
- 최연식, "大乘四論玄義記" (2009), 불광출판사
- 최연식, "〈미술사의 과제와 역사학–불교미술사를 중심으로〉에 대한 토론문", 미술사학연구, 268, pp.113~114 (2010)
- 岩松淺夫, "amridaha", amridae銘像は果して阿彌陀佛を表する非ざるか–ガンダ-ラ彫刻の一碑像の解釋をめぐって–, 2006, pp.54(2), 1028~1036
- 小野玄妙, "佛敎美術槪論" (1916), 丙午出版社
- 小野玄妙, "佛像の硏究" (1925), 丙午出版社
- 香川孝雄, "無量壽經の諸本對照硏究" (1984), 永田文昌堂
- 久野美樹, "造像背景としての生天, 託生西方願望–中國南北朝期を中心として", 佛敎藝術, 187, pp.25~59 (1989)
- 栗田功, "ガンダ-ラ美術 II 佛陀の世界" (1990), 二玄社
- 塚本啓祥, "印度佛敎碑銘の硏究 I–Text, Note, 和譯–" (1996), 平樂寺書店
- 塚本啓祥, "印度佛敎碑銘の硏究 III–パキスタン北方地域の刻文" (2003), 平樂寺書店
- 樋口隆康, "阿彌陀三尊佛の源流", 佛敎藝術, 7, pp.108~113 (1950)
- 松原三郞, "中國佛敎彫刻史論" (1995), 吉川弘文館
- 源豊宗, "淨土變の形式", 佛敎美術, 7, pp.60~73 (1926)
- Agrawala, V. S., "A New Inscribed Image of Kas´yapa Buddha from Mathura", Journal of the Uttar Pradesh Historical Society, 10(2), pp.35~38 (1937)
- Aramaki, Noritoshiki, "Apropos of the Three Legends of Buddha’s Dis–�and Re–�appearance, In 大乘佛敎起源論のための佛敎美術史的基礎硏究 硏究成果報告書", pp.15~38 (2011), 龍谷大學 佛敎 文化硏究所
- ThreeFussman, Gérard, “La place des Sukha¯vatı¯-vyu¯ha dans le bouddhisme indien.” Journal asiatique,Sculptures in the Lucknow Museum, "Banerji, R. D.", 146~149, pp.Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report 1909-1910 (1912)
- Bhattacharya, Benoytosh, "The Indian Buddhist Iconography" (1987), Firma KLM
- Bialostocki, Jan, "Iconography and Iconology", pp.769~781 (1963), McGraw-Hill
- Bough, John, "Amitaha and Avalokites´vara in an Inscribed Gandharan Sculpture", Indologia Taurinensia, 10, pp.65~70 (1982)
- Cassidy, Brendan, "Iconography at the Crossroads, Princeton: Index of Christian Art, Department of Art and Archaeology" (1993), Princeton University
- Falk, Harry, "The Kaniska Era in Gupta Records", Silk Road Art and Archaeology, 10, pp.167~176 (2004)
- Falk, Harry, "The Yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the Era of kusanas", Silk Road Art and Archaeology, 7, pp.121~136 (2001)
- Foucher, Alfred, "Étude sur l’iconographie bouddhique de l’Inde d’après des documents nouveaux documents" (1905), Ernest Leroux
- Fussman, Gérard, "La place des Sukha¯vatı¯-vyu¯ha dans le bouddhisme indien", Journal asiatique, 287(2), pp.523~586 (1999)
- Gandhara,the Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan:Legends,Monasteries, "Gandhara, the Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan: Legends, Monasteries, and Paradise" (2008), Verlag Philipp von Zabern
- Grünwedel, Albert, "Buddhist Art in India. Trans. Agnes C. Gibson" (1901), Bernard Quaritch
- Excavations at Takht-i-Bahi, "Hargreaves, H.", Archaeological Survey of India Annual, 146~149, pp.Report 1910-11 (1914)
- Huntington, John C., "The Iconography of Maitreya Images in Gandhara", Journal of Central Asia, 7(1), pp.133~178 (1984)
- Huntington, John C., "A Gandharan Image of Amita¯yus’ Sukhavat", Annali dell’Istituto Orientale di Napoli, 40, pp.652~672 (1980)
- Huntington, Susan, "The Art of Ancient India" (1985), Weather Hill
- Konow, Sten, "Kbarosbtbi Inscriptions" (1929), Government of India Central Publication Branch
- Luders, Heinrich, "Epigraphical Notes, no. 41. Mathura Buddhist image inscription", Indian Antiquary, 33, pp.155~156 (1904)
- Marshall, J. H., "Taxila, 3 vols" (1951), Cambridge University Press
- Excavations at Taxila, "Marshall, J. H.", Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, 1~52, pp.1912-1913 (1915)
- McArthur, Meher, "Reading Buddhist Art: An Illustrated Guide to Buddhist Signs & Symbols" (2002), Thames and Hudson
- Meunie, Jacques, "Shotorak, Memoires de la Delegation Archeologique Francaise en Afghanistan, tome X" (1942), Les Editions d’Art et d’Histoire
- Myer, Prudence, "Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathura", Artibus Asiae, 47(2), pp.136~137 (1986)
- Pal, Pratapaditya, "The Peaceful Liberators: Jain Art from India" (1995), Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Thames and Hudson, Ltd
- Panofsky, Erwin, "Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance" (1972), Harper & Row
- Quagliotti, Anna Maria, "Another Look at the Mohammed-Nari Stele with the So-called ‘Miracle of Sravasti", Annali del Istituto Universitario Orientale, 56, pp.274~289 (1996)
- Rhi, Juhyung, "Wondrous Vision: the Mohammed-Nari Stele from Gandhara", pp.112~115 (2011), Orientations
- Rhi, Juhyung, "Complex Steles: Great Miracle, Paradise, or Theophany, In Gandhara, the Buddhist Heritage of Pakistan: Legends, Monasteries, and Paradise", pp.254~259 (2008), Verlag Philipp von Zabern
- Rhi, Juhyung, "Bodhisattvas in Gandharan Art: An Aspect of Mahayana in Gandharan Buddhism, In Gandbaran Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, Texts", pp.151~182 (2006), University of British Columbia Press
- Rhi, Juhyung, "Images, Relics, and Jewels: The Assimilation of Images in the Buddhist Relic Cult of Gandhara ― or Vice Versa", Artibus Asiae, 65(2), pp.205~206 (2005)
- Rhi, Juhyung, "Early Mahana and Gandharan Buddhism: An Assessment of the Visual Evidence", The Eastern Buddhist, 35(1&2), pp.152~202 (2003)
- Rhi, Juhyung, "Gandharan Images of the Sravasti Miracle': An Iconographic Reassessment", 박사, pp.1991
- Sarkar, H., "Studies in Early Buddhist Architecture of India" (1966), Munshiram Manoharlal
- Sahni, Daya Ram, "Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath" (1914), Superintendent Government Printing
- Salomon, Richard, "Alleged Reference to Amitabha in a Kharosthi Inscription on a Gandharan Relief", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 25(1-2), pp.20~23 (2002)
- Schopen, Gregory, "The Interpretation on the kusan Image of Amitabha and the Character of the Early Mahayana", Journal of the International Association of Buddbist Studies, 10(2), pp.99~134 (1987)
- Sharma, R. C., "Buddhist Art: Mathura School" (1995), Wiley Eastern Ltd
- Strauch, Ingo, "More Missing Pieces of Early Pure Land Buddhism: New Evidence for Aks. obhya and Abhirati in an Early Mahayana Sutra from Gandhaa", The Eastern Buddhist, 41(1), pp.23~66 (2010)
- Strauch, Ingo, "The Bajaur Collection of Kharos.t. hıManuscripts ― a Preliminary Survey", Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, 25, pp.123~125 (2008)
- Vogel, J. Ph, "he Past Buddhas and Kasyapa in Indian Art and Epigraphy", Festrischft Friedrich Weller zum, 65, pp.808~816 (1954)
- Williams, Joanna G., "The Art of Gupta India" (1982), Princeton University Press
- Zwalf, Wladimir, "A Catalogue of the Gandhara Sculpture in the British Museum" (1996), British Museum Press
