“트랜스내셔널” 역사: 회고와 전망
Transnational History as an Epistemolgical Project : Then and Now
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다양한 사회과학 분과에서 “트랜스내셔널”이라는 용어를 발견하는 것은 그리 어려운 일이 아니게 되었다. 하지만 “트랜스내셔널” 역사가 무엇을 의미하는 밝히는 것은 아직 요원한 일로 보인다. 필자는 트랜스내셔널이 “국가와 민족을 넘어서”라는 중요하지만 낡은 표어와 연결되어 오히려 국가와 민족을 실체화하는 악순환에 대해 문제를 제기할 필요가 있다고 본다. 역사학이 분과학문으로 자리 잡을 때 역사학의 중요한 관심 중 하나는 보편사의 정립이었다. 보편사의 욕망은 세계사와 지구사라는 형태로 표출되어 왔다. 이들은 분명 일국사의 전통 바깥에서 “세계”를 사유하려 했다는 데 어느 정도 의의를 지니지만 공통적으로 “보편” 혹은 “세계,” “지구”를 사유하는데 심각한 철학적 결여를 내포하고 있다. “트랜스내셔널” 역사는 이 결여에 대한 대안으로 등장했으며 인류학과의 활발한 학제간 교류를 통해 성립된 변경사나 비교를 통한 동질화가 아니라 부조화를 추구하는 “꼬인 역사” 기획을 통해 발전해 왔다. 하지만 이들은 여전히 상당히 제한적인 범위와 역사적 대상을 재구성한다는 단점을 지니고 있다. 따라서 실체적인 의미의 “트랜스내셔널” 보다는 인식론적 기획으로서의 “트랜스내셔널”이 요구된다. 이를 위해서 국가와 민족이라는 단일한 추상을 다양하고 중첩되어 있는 다양한 실천으로 해체하고, 이 단일한 추상을 가능케 한 근대성의 의미를 다시-읽고, 이를 통해 이제껏 비교할 수 없을 것이라고 생각되어 왔던 단독적인 현상을 비교할 수 있어야 한다.
Abstract
It is not hard to find the adjective “transnational” in a variety of social scientific disciplines today. Yet it seems unclear what transnational history means. The author argues that transnational has been rather inappropriately associated with important yet outmoded catchphrase, “beyond the nation and the state,” while ironically substantializing them. One of the major goals of the modern historical discipline was to establish universal history, which in turn gave forms to world history and global history. They reconsidered the “world” outside the state apparatus but exhibited philosophical lacuna in re-thinking the “world.” Transnational history aims at filling this void: prime examples being border history that stem from interdisciplinary—especially with anthropology—approach and histoire croisée that strives for asymmetric comparison. Yet these attempts still have limitation in the historical objects and scope. What is necessary for transnational history may not be transnational substances but transnational epistemological enterprise: deconstructing singular abstractions like the state and the nation into a variety of interrelated, interlaced and even inter-conflictual practices; critically re-reading and re-examining modernity that made possible such singular and mythic abstractions; and finally, comparing what had been considered incomparable.
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