지역통합, 초국가주의, 그리고 민주주의의 공고화: ‘민주주의 제약 가설’의 경험적 검토
Regional Integration, Supranationalism, and Democratic Consolidation: An Empirical Examination of the Democracy-Constraining-Supranationalism Hypothesis
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 논문의 목적은 정책결정의 초국가화 현상이 국민국가 단위의 민주주의를 퇴행시키는 결과를 낳는다는 ‘민주주의 제약 가설’을 경험적으로 검증하는 데 있다. 무역 및 금융의 세계화와 지역경제통합의 심화로 대표되는 20세기 후반 이후 국제정치경제질서의 변동은 현대 정치의 ‘민주주의 결손’(democratic deficit) 문제를 둘러싼 논쟁이 촉발되는 계기이기도 하였다. 경제통합에 수반되는 초국적 수준에서의 정책결정에 국민국가 단위에서 발전해 온 민주주의의 원리가 적용되는가의 문제를 중심으로 전개되던 민주주의 결손 논쟁은, 점차 정책결정의 초국가화 경향이 국민국가 단위의 민주주의를 퇴행시킨다는 ‘민주주의 제약 가설’을 둘러싼 논쟁으로 진화해 왔다. 그런데 민주주의 제약 가설이 경험적 검증의 경로를 명료하게 제시하고 있음에도 불구하고 이 가설을 둘러싼 지금까지의 논쟁은 규범적, 이론적 수준에서의 논의에 편향되어 왔다. 본 논문은 이러한 점에 주목하여 지역적 수준에서 경제통합을 추진하고 있는 국제기구들의 경제통합 성취도를 측정한 통합성취지수(IAS: Integration Achievement Score) 데이터를 바탕으로 민주주의 제약 가설에 대한 경험적 검증을 시도한다. 통합성취지수는 개별 지역통합기구에서 경제통합에 관련된 정책결정의 소재와 권한이 초국적 수준으로 이전된 정도를 측정한 것이라는 점에서 민주주의 제약 가설의 핵심 논지를 경험적으로 검증할 수 있는 기초를 제공한다. 분석 결과 측정 모형의 종류와 상관없이 통합성취지수와 민주주의 사이에 일관된 음의 상관관계가 확인되었다. 민주주의 제약 가설이 예측하는 바와 같이 초국적 정책결정의 확대가 국민국가 단위의 민주주의를 퇴행시키는 결과를 낳고 있는 것으로 확인된 것이다. 이는 최근 유럽을 중심으로 한 극우 포퓰리즘의 확산이 초국가주의가 야기한 민주주의의 퇴행 효과와 무관하지 않음을 시사한다.
Abstract
This paper empirically examines the democracy-constraining-supranationalism hypothesis that the supranationalization of policy-making retrogrades national democracies. Along with the deepening cross-national economic integration at both global and regional level since the late 20th century, the debates around the issue of ‘democratic deficit’ in the contemporary world have also been intensified. After revolving around the issue of how democratic the decision-making process at the supranational level is, these debates have soon been centered on whether supranationalization of policy-making constrains the functioning of and thus retrogrades national democracies. Notwithstanding the proliferation of vivid theoretical and normative discussions on this latter issue, there has been scant attempt to test the democracy-constraining-supranationalism hypothesis despite this hypothesis reveals in itself very simple and straightforward way of empirical test. In this paper, I attempt to fill this gap by testing this hypothesis against the Integration Achievement Score (IAS) data that measures the degree and scope of supranational policy-making in each regional economic integration organization across the globe. Statistical examination reveals that, irrespective of the various choice of estimation models and methods, there exists a coherent negative relationship between IAS and the chance of national democracy. That is, the results of statistical examination suggests that, as this hypothesis expects, the supranationalization of policy-making indeed exerts a devastating impact on national democracies. I close this paper with a very brief discussion on the relevance of this finding to the real world example.
참고문헌 (45)
- Acemoglu, Daron, "Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy" (2006), Cambridge University
- Andersen, Svein, "The European Union: How Democratic Is it?" (1996), Sage
- Beck, Nathaniel, "Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series–Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable", American Journal of Political Science, 42(4) (1998)
- Boix, Carles, "Endogenous Democratization", World Politics, 55(4) (2003)
- Boix, Carles, "Democracy and Redistribution" (2003), Cambridge University Press
- Chinn, Menzie D., "What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions", Journal of Development Economics, 81(1) (2006)
- "Reconstructing Global Inequality" (2014)[URL]
- Chryssochoou, Dimitris, "European Democracy, Parliamentary Decline and the 'Democratic Deficit' of the European Union", The Journal of Legislative Studies, 4(3) (1998)
- Dahl, Robert A, "Democracy’s Edges" (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Donno, Daniela, "Who Is Punished? Regional Intergovernmental Organizations and the Enforcement of Democratic Norms", International Organization, 64(4) (2010)
- Eichengreen, Barry, "Democracy and Globalization", Economics and Politics, 20(3) (2008)
- Feng, Yi, "Regional Integration and Domestic Institutional Homogeneity: A Comparative Analysis of Regional Integration in the Americas, Pacific Asia, and Western Europe", Review of International Political Economy, 10(2) (2003)
- Follesdal, Andreas, "Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik", Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(3) (2006)
- Genna, Gaspare, "Regional Integration and Democratic Conditionality: How Democracy Clauses Help Democratic Consolidation and Deepening" (2015), Routledge
- Gleditsch, Kristine, "Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization", International Organization, 60(4) (2006)
- Haber, Stephen, "Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse", American Political Science Review, 105(1) (2011)
- Held, David, "Cosmopolitanism: Globalization Tamed?", Review of International Studies, 29(4) (2003)
- Held, David, "Democracy and the Global Order" (1995), Stanford University Press
- Hix, Simon, "Europeanised Politics? European Integration and National Political Systems" (2001), Frank Cass
- Houle, Christian, "Inequality and Democracy: Why Inequality Harms Consolidation but Does Not Affect Democratization", World Politics, 61(4) (2009)
- Rebasing 'Maddison':new income comparisons and the shape of long-run economic development, "Inklaar, Robert", Groningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Groningen, ~, pp.GGDC Research Memorandum GD-174 (2018)
- Keohane, Robert O., "Democracy-Enhancing Multilateralism", International Organization, 63(1) (2009)
- Laffan, Brigid, "Testing Times: The Growing Primacy of Responsibility in the Euro Area", West European Politics, 37(2) (2014)
- Li, Quan, "Economic Globalization and Democracy: An Empirical Analysis", British Journal of Political Science, 33(1) (2003)
- Lipset, Seymour M., "Political Man: the Social Bases of Politics" (1963), Doubleday
- Majone, Giandomenico, "Democratic Deficit”: The Question of Standards", European Law Journal, 4(1) (1998)
- Mansfield, Edward D., "Democratization and the Varieties of International Organizations", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(2) (2008)
- "Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2015" (2016)[URL]
- Milner, Helen, "Democratization and Economic Globalization", Annual Review of Political Science, 12 (2009)
- Moravcsik, Andrew, "In Defence of the “Democratic Deficit”: Reassessing the Legitimacy of the European Union", Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(4) (2002)
- Moravcsik, Andrew, "Is there a “Democratic Deficit” in World Politics? A Framework for Analysis", Government and Opposition, 39(2) (2004)
- Mudde, Cas, "The populist zeitgeist", Government and Opposition, 39(4) (2004)
- Nye, Joseph S. Jr., "Globalization’s Democratic Deficit: How to Make International Institutions More Accountable", Foreign Affairs, 80(4) (2001)
- Pevehouse, Jon C., "Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization", International Organization, 56(3) (2002)
- Poast, Paul, "How International Organizations Support Democratization: Preventing Authoritarian Reversals or Promoting consolidation?", World Politics, 67(1) (2015)
- Przeworski, Adam, "Modernization: Theories and Facts", World Politics, 49(2) (1997)
- Przeworski, Adam, "Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Raunio, Tapio, "Always One Step Behind? National Legislatures and the European Union", Government and Opposition, 34(2) (1999)
- Rodrik, Dani, "How Far Will International Economic Integration Go?", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(1) (2000)
- Rodrik, Dani, "The Globalization Paradox : Democracy and the Future of the World Economy" (2011), W. W. Norton and Company
- Schmidt, Vivien A., "The Search for Europe: Contrasting Approaches" (2016), BBVA-OpenMind Books
- Schmidt, Vivien A., "Democracy in Europe" (2006), Oxford University Press
- Solt, Frederick, "The Standardized World Income Inequality Database", Social Science Quarterly, 97(5) (2016)
- Stein, Arthur, "The Great Trilemma: Are Globalization, Democracy, and Sovereignty Compatible?", International Theory, 8(2) (2016)
- Thatcher, Mark, "Theory and Practice of Delegation to Non-Majoritarian Institutions", West European Politics, 25(1) (2002)