초국가주의와 “민주주의 결핍(Democratic Deficit)”: 유럽연합을 중심으로
Supranationalism and the ‘Democratic Deficit’: the Case of the European Union
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이 논문은 유럽연합의 ‘민주주의 결핍’ 문제를 초국가주의의 확산이 낳는 딜레마로서 이해해야 한다는 관점에서 유럽의회를 통해 이를 해결하고자 하는 시도를 비판적으로 검토한다. 유럽연합의 민주주의 결핍론은 유럽통합의 심화에 필수적인 초국가주의의 확산이유럽연합 차원에서 뿐만 아니라 회원국 수준에서도 대의민주주의적인 질서를 왜곡한다는인식에 바탕을 두고 있다. 민주주의 결핍에 대한 기존의 논의는 유럽연합 차원에서 대의민주주의 질서를 어떻게 확보할 것인가의 문제에 주목함으로써 회원국 수준에서 발생할수 있는 민주주의 결핍 문제를 간과하는 경향이 있었다. 그러나 초국가적 정책결정의 증대는 행정부와 의회, 시민 사이의 비대칭성을 확대시킴으로써 유럽연합 국가들이 발전시켜 온 대의민주주의 질서를 왜곡하는 효과를 갖는다. 민주주의 결핍 문제에 대한 대응으로 유럽연합은 1990년대 이후 일련의 제도 개혁을 통해 유럽의회의 입법권한을 강화시키는 노력을 경주하여 왔다. 그러나 이러한 시도는 대의기구로서 유럽의회가 갖는 한계와더불어 회원국 수준에서의 민주주의 결핍 문제를 해결할 수 없다는 근본적인 한계를 안고있다.
Abstract
The ‘Democratic Deficit’ in the European Union can be understood as the dilemma produced by the spread of ‘supranationalism’ in the European integration process. Supranationalism, the delegation of policy-making authority to the supranational institutions, has played a critical role in facilitating and deepening European integration. Yet, the concomitantly increasing role of supranational institutions has brought about the concerns that the EU's policy-making takes place outside the rules and principles of the representative democracy. While neglected in the literature, one important aspect of the EU's democratic deficit is that the representative democracy at the national level is also jeopardized as the supranationalism reshuffles the power relationship between the legislative and the executive in favor of the latter. In this regard, the effort to remedy the EU's democratic deficit through the empowerment of the European Parliament is not so promising as it leaves behind the problem of democratic deficit at the national level, not to mention the institutional limitations of the European Parliament.
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