유럽통합의 위기와 통합이론의 재구성: 동향과 쟁점
Crisis of European Integration and the Reformulation of Integration Theory: Trend and Issues
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이 논문의 목적은 통합이론의 재구성이라는 문제의식 하에 기존 통합이론과 새롭게 등장한통합이론의 조류를 비판적으로 검토하고, 대안적 패러다임의 방향을 모색하는 데 있다. 신기능주의와 자유주의적 정부간주의 이론은 상호 간의 차이에도 불구하고 통합을 다원주의적 이익집단의 정치에 기초한 ‘포지티브-섬’(positive-sum) 게임이자 행위자의 전략적 이해관계가균형(equilibrium)을 이룬 상태로 정의한다는 공통점을 갖는다. 이익과 균형의 개념을 중심으로 통합을 설명하는 이러한 특성은 양대 기성 이론이 유럽통합의 정치화 현상과 그 효과를 사고하지 못하는 이유가 되었다. 한편, 정치화 문제를 핵심 변수로 제기한 탈기능주의와 신정부간주의 이론은 현대 유럽통합이 직면한 딜레마와 위기를 진단하는 성과는 거두었으나, 이익과균형의 관점을 넘어서는 대안적 패러다임을 제시하는 데까지 나아가고 있지는 못하다. 이 논문은 이러한 맥락에서 현대 통합이론의 다양한 조류를 비판적으로 검토하고, 이익과 균형의관점을 넘어서는 포스트 자유주의(post-liberal) 패러다임의 가능성을 모색한다.
Abstract
Against the backdrop of the crisis of the European integration in the 21 st century, this paper critically reviews both the established theories of European integration, neofunctionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism, and the newly emerged alternative theories, postfunctionalism and new intergovernmentalism. Despite many of disagreements, both neofunctionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism share the liberal perspective that considers the integration as the positive-sum game in which actors find their strategic interests are in equilibrium. This paradigmatic perspective, I argue, is the reason that hinders both theories from taking seriously the issue of politicization of European integration. While postfunctionalism and new intergovernmentalism criticize the established integration theories on this basis, they do not take it as a paradigmatic issue. On the basis of this review, I propose and discuss the post-liberal paradigmatic shift as a direction for the reformulation of integration theory.
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