베다 초기에 나타난 죽음(mṛtyu) 개념의 기원과 전개 양상
A Study on Death and Afterlife Conceptions in the Early Vedas
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초록
인도의 전형적인 죽음관은 생사윤회 속에서 절대적인 자아(Ātman)를 자각하는 인식론적인 재탄생을 기반으로 삼는다. 그러한 의미에서 우빠니샤드의 범아일여사상과 윤회설은 인도의 독특한 생사관의 시작으로 평가받는다. 본고는 정형화되고 도식화되기 이전의 원형적인 베다의 죽음(Mṛtyu)에 주목하여, 베다 초기문헌에 나타나는 죽음의 의미를 해석하는 연구이다. 베다 최고(最古)층 문헌에서 순차적으로 드러나는 죽음 개념의 형성과정을 리그베다의 장수, 조령, 조상의 문제로 접근하고, 이어서 브라흐마나의 불멸, 재생 개념과 관련되어 발전하는 재사라는 죽음의 형태를 통해 파악하며, 마지막으로 선악의 이분법에서 전개되는 지옥과 내세관의 변화 양태를 분석하여 알아본다. 이 과정에서 베다 상히따와 브라흐마나문헌의 원형적인 ‘죽음’의 문제가 우빠니샤드의 ‘재생’을 바탕으로 한 죽음 개념으로 이행되는 과정도 살펴본다.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to study have focused on Death(“Mṛtyu” in Sanskirt) and afterlife conceptions from the Rig Veda to the Brahmanas. In ancient Indian death and afterlife conceptions are discussed in broad overview of the most relevant Vedic texts(The Rig veda, the Atharva veda, the Satapatha Brahmana, and the Jaiminiya Brahaman). In this paper, I have three objectives : (1) This chapter is, first, demonstrating that the origin of Death in the Rig veda is to prolong life of a hundred years(āyus) and postpone death. Second, this describes how ritual food serves as a medium of vitality for the preta(祖靈) in transition between one life and the next and opens questions about the ‘life’ of the departed among the living. (2) I analysis focused on Death conceptions in the Brahmana Texts. In this period, the dreaded possibility of redeath(punarmṛtyu, 再死 ; people who die may be subject to death once again.) in the realm beyond occupied his mind. (3) I discuss that the vedic afterlife conceptions has many-side aspects. I focus on the hellish realms. The deceased, moral transgressors proceed to hellish realms from descending into ‘darkness pit’ and to ‘the house of clay’ from which there is no return. Surveying what we have discussed, As I shows in regard to the death, the characteristics of the death, particularly redeath, and of the beings associated with and consigned to them in the Vedic conceptual rebirth are treated through a survey of pre-Upanisadic passages. This observation lead us, necessarily, to a relating debate: The term underwent further widening as the conceptions of death and the after-death state underwent drastic change within the ideology of rebirth, coming to signify the liberation from the cycle of rebirth. Certainly, the present paper was limited in scope. Further studies on different veda texts(; upanisads) are needed.
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