The Origin and Development of the Concept of Saṃsāra in the Upaniṣads
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This study aims to explicate the concepts of karma and rebirth within the Vedic literature. In doing so, this work provides many insights into philosophical and religious underpinnings vis-à-vis the theory of saṃsāra. Vedists perceived that the ideal death is to die after having their complete natural human life span for 100 years. This idea, furthermore, was established in a more specific way—the life(s) living the present life with good deeds will be given a happy afterlife and those that did not do good deeds will be punished. Such idea, which had formed through the periods of Vedas, was gradually sophisticated and shaped the theory of saṃsāra during the periods of Upaniṣads. One representative example illustrating such characteristic of saṃsāra is the doctrines of five fires and two paths. According to that doctrine, after a person dies, their cremated bodies ascend as a form of smoke. This point indicates that Agni as the god of fire reproduces the symbol, which was created by the process of sacralization through the rituals, and strengthens its religious aspect(s). Consequently, the concept of fire has been gradually reified in the ritual, and so, has conflated with the process of saṃsāra.
Abstract
This study aims to explicate the concepts of karma and rebirth within the Vedic literature. In doing so, this work provides many insights into philosophical and religious underpinnings vis-à-vis the theory of saṃsāra. Vedists perceived that the ideal death is to die after having their complete natural human life span for 100 years. This idea, furthermore, was established in a more specific way—the life(s) living the present life with good deeds will be given a happy afterlife and those that did not do good deeds will be punished. Such idea, which had formed through the periods of Vedas, was gradually sophisticated and shaped the theory of saṃsāra during the periods of Upaniṣads. One representative example illustrating such characteristic of saṃsāra is the doctrines of five fires and two paths. According to that doctrine, after a person dies, their cremated bodies ascend as a form of smoke. This point indicates that Agni as the god of fire reproduces the symbol, which was created by the process of sacralization through the rituals, and strengthens its religious aspect(s). Consequently, the concept of fire has been gradually reified in the ritual, and so, has conflated with the process of saṃsāra.
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